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Against Our Will

Against Our Will

Men, Women and Rape
by Susan Brownmiller 1975 472 pages
4.05
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Key Takeaways

1. Rape as a Tool of Intimidation and Control

It is nothing more or less than a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear.

Rape's Function. Brownmiller argues that rape is not merely a sex crime, but a tool used to maintain male dominance. This perspective shifts the focus from individual pathology to a broader social dynamic where the threat of rape keeps women in a perpetual state of fear and subordination.

Historical Context. Throughout history, rape has been used as a means to assert power and control over women. From primitive tribal societies to modern warfare, the act of rape has served as a way for men to intimidate and subjugate women, reinforcing their lower status in society.

Zoological Perspective. Unlike animals, where sex is primarily driven by biological signals and mating cycles, humans have evolved a complex system of psychological signs and urges. This allows men to exert sexual interest in women at any time, regardless of their biological readiness, making rape a uniquely human phenomenon.

2. The Law's Complicity in the Subjugation of Women

A crime committed against her body became a crime against the male estate.

Patriarchal Origins. Ancient laws, such as the Code of Hammurabi and Mosaic law, treated women as property, not as independent beings. Rape was thus viewed as a crime against the male estate, a violation of ownership rights, rather than a violation of a woman's bodily integrity.

Bride Capture. The practice of bride capture, where women were forcibly abducted and raped to establish marriage, highlights the historical subjugation of women. This practice, though less overt today, still influences social mores in some parts of the world.

Evolution of Legal Thought. Over time, legal concepts of rape have gradually evolved, with the Crown beginning to take an active interest in rape prosecutions. However, even with these advancements, the law has struggled to fully recognize rape as a crime against a woman's body, often viewing it as a property crime or a matter of female consent.

3. War as a Catalyst for Sexual Violence

Unquestionably there shall be some raping. Unconscionable, but nevertheless inevitable.

Rape in Warfare. Brownmiller asserts that rape has been a consistent companion to wars throughout history. It is not merely an unfortunate byproduct but a deliberate tactic used to demoralize and subjugate the enemy population.

Male Dominance. War provides men with the perfect psychological backdrop to express their contempt for women. The all-male environment of the military, the power of weaponry, and the hierarchical command structure all reinforce the idea that women are irrelevant and subordinate.

Historical Examples. From the Trojan War to the conflicts in Bangladesh and Vietnam, rape has been a recurring feature of warfare. It serves as a means of intimidation, revenge, and asserting dominance over the conquered.

4. The Propaganda of Rape: Weaponizing Victimization

Critical to our study is the recognition that rape has a history, and that through the tools of historical analysis we may learn what we need to know about our current condition.

World War I. During World War I, the Allied nations successfully used reports of rape by German soldiers as propaganda to sway public opinion. This marked a turning point where rape became a tool of psychological warfare.

Denial and Dismissal. After the war, there was a predictable backlash, with scholars attempting to debunk Allied propaganda. This often led to a dismissal of rape reports, with some experts arguing that the stories were exaggerated or fabricated.

Propaganda's Impact. The use of rape as propaganda highlights the power of narratives in shaping public perception and influencing political action. It also underscores the importance of critically examining historical accounts to uncover the truth about women's experiences.

5. Race and Rape: A Legacy of Inequality

The body of a raped woman becomes a ceremonial battlefield, a parade ground for the victor's trooping of the colors. The act that is played out upon her is a message passed between men—vivid proof of victory for one and loss and defeat for the other.

Historical Context. In the United States, the intersection of race and rape has a long and troubling history. During slavery, black women were systematically subjected to sexual violence by white men, while black men were often falsely accused of raping white women, leading to lynchings and other forms of racial terror.

The Scottsboro Case. The Scottsboro case, where nine black men were falsely accused of raping two white women, exemplifies the racial bias and injustice that have historically plagued the American legal system. The case became a symbol of racial inequality and the vulnerability of black men to false accusations.

Modern Manifestations. Even today, racial disparities persist in rape cases, with black men often facing harsher sentences than white men for similar crimes. This underscores the need for ongoing efforts to address racial bias in the criminal justice system and to ensure that all victims of sexual violence are treated with respect and dignity.

6. Power Dynamics: Institutionalized Abuse

Man's discovery that his genitalia could serve as a weapon to generate fear must rank as one of the most important discoveries of prehistoric times, along with the use of fire and the first crude stone axe.

Prison Rape. The phenomenon of prison rape highlights the power dynamics and vulnerability that exist within institutional settings. In prisons, weaker inmates are often subjected to sexual violence by stronger inmates, with prison authorities often turning a blind eye to the abuse.

Child Molestation. The sexual abuse of children is another example of institutionalized abuse, where adults use their authority and power to exploit and harm vulnerable minors. This abuse often occurs within families or other trusted relationships, making it difficult for victims to come forward.

Police Rape. The abuse of power by law enforcement officials, including rape, represents a betrayal of public trust. Police rape is a particularly egregious crime, as it involves those charged with protecting citizens using their authority to commit sexual violence.

7. The Myth of the Heroic Rapist: Glorifying Violence

From prehistoric times to the present, I believe, rape has played a critical function. It is nothing more or less than a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear.

Cultural Perpetuation. The myth of the heroic rapist is perpetuated in literature, movies, and popular culture, where sexual violence is often romanticized or presented as a natural expression of male dominance. This glorification of rape normalizes the act and contributes to a culture of fear and intimidation for women.

Examples in Media. From James Bond to Mick Jagger's "Midnight Rambler," popular culture often celebrates figures who embody a twisted form of masculinity that includes sexual conquest and violence. These portrayals reinforce harmful stereotypes and contribute to the normalization of rape.

The Power of Myth. The myth of the heroic rapist serves to absolve men of guilt and responsibility for sexual violence. By framing rape as an inevitable or even desirable act, it perpetuates a culture of impunity and makes it more difficult for victims to come forward and seek justice.

8. Victims: The Setting and the Crime

Man's structural capacity to rape and woman's corresponding structural vulnerability are as basic to the physiology of both our sexes as the primal act of sex itself.

Female Vulnerability. Brownmiller emphasizes the structural vulnerability of women to rape due to anatomical differences. This vulnerability, combined with societal conditioning, creates a setting where women are often trained to be victims.

The Crime. A female definition of rape is if a woman chooses not to have intercourse with a specific man and the man chooses to proceed against her will, that is a criminal act of rape.

The Setting. The setting in which a rape occurs can vary widely, from familiar environments like the victim's home to more isolated locations. However, regardless of the setting, the crime is always an act of violence and intimidation.

9. Women Fight Back: Resistance and Change

I wrote this book because I am a woman who changed her mind about rape.

Challenging the Status Quo. Brownmiller's personal journey from accepting traditional views on rape to becoming a vocal advocate for women's rights reflects the transformative power of feminist consciousness. By challenging the status quo and demanding recognition of women's experiences, feminists have paved the way for meaningful change.

Legal and Social Reforms. The women's movement has fought for legal reforms to address the crime of rape, including the elimination of corroboration requirements and the recognition of marital rape. These efforts have helped to shift the focus from victim-blaming to holding offenders accountable for their actions.

Empowerment and Self-Defense. In addition to legal and social reforms, women are also fighting back against rape by learning self-defense techniques and challenging cultural norms that promote sexual violence. By empowering themselves and each other, women are creating a world where rape is no longer tolerated or accepted.

Last updated:

FAQ

1. What is Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape by Susan Brownmiller about?

  • Comprehensive history and analysis: The book traces the history, politics, and sociology of rape, examining its role from ancient times to the present and its impact on women’s lives.
  • Feminist perspective on power: Brownmiller frames rape as a tool of male dominance and control, deeply embedded in societal structures and gender relations.
  • Focus on legal and cultural systems: The book critiques how laws, courts, and cultural myths have historically failed victims and protected offenders, perpetuating inequality and victim-blaming.
  • Wide-ranging scope: Topics include rape in war, slavery, institutional settings, and the evolution of legal definitions, making it a foundational text for understanding sexual violence.

2. Why should I read Against Our Will by Susan Brownmiller?

  • Groundbreaking feminist classic: The book is a landmark work that challenges myths and misconceptions about rape, offering a new framework for understanding sexual violence.
  • Raises consciousness and inspires action: Brownmiller’s analysis has fueled activism, including the creation of rape crisis centers and self-defense programs.
  • Historical and cultural insight: Readers gain a deep understanding of how rape is connected to broader issues of gender, power, and social justice.
  • Empowerment through knowledge: The book equips readers with the tools to challenge cultural sexism and advocate for legal and societal change.

3. What are the key takeaways from Against Our Will by Susan Brownmiller?

  • Rape as a political tool: Brownmiller argues that rape is not about sexual desire but about power, control, and the maintenance of male supremacy.
  • Myth-busting and consciousness-raising: The book debunks common myths, such as the idea that women provoke rape or that false accusations are common.
  • Institutional complicity: Legal, police, and cultural systems have historically enabled rape and silenced victims, necessitating systemic reform.
  • Call to action: Brownmiller urges legal, cultural, and personal change to dismantle rape culture and empower women.

4. How does Susan Brownmiller define rape in Against Our Will?

  • Female-centered definition: Rape is defined as a criminal act when a woman chooses not to have intercourse and a man proceeds against her will.
  • Beyond legal definitions: Brownmiller critiques historical laws that treated rape as a property crime against men, not as a violation of women’s autonomy.
  • Rape as violent domination: She emphasizes that rape is about power, humiliation, and control, not sexual passion.
  • Inclusive of all forced acts: The book advocates for recognizing all forms of forced sexual acts, regardless of penetration type or victim gender.

5. What is the historical role of rape according to Against Our Will by Susan Brownmiller?

  • Foundation of patriarchy: Rape is presented as a cornerstone of male power, used to subjugate women and establish social hierarchies.
  • Rape as property violation: Historically, rape was seen as a crime against a man’s property (his daughter or wife), not against the woman herself.
  • Legal codification: Ancient laws reflected and reinforced women’s subordinate status, often requiring victim resistance and punishing women for their own assault.
  • Continuity through time: The book shows how these attitudes persist in modern legal and cultural systems.

6. How does Against Our Will by Susan Brownmiller explain the connection between war and rape?

  • Rape as a weapon of war: The book documents how conquering armies have used rape as a deliberate act of terror, revenge, and domination.
  • Psychology of soldiers: War provides men with a license to rape, fueled by group power, masculinity, and the dehumanization of women as enemy property.
  • Historical examples: Brownmiller details rapes in World Wars, the Congo, Bangladesh, and Vietnam, illustrating the persistence and scale of wartime sexual violence.
  • Impunity and silence: Rape in war is often ignored or excused, with victims receiving little justice or recognition.

7. What myths and misconceptions about rape does Against Our Will by Susan Brownmiller debunk?

  • Myth of the “cry rape” victim: Brownmiller shows that false reports are rare and often linked to male disbelief, not female deceit.
  • Myth of victim provocation: The book challenges the idea that victims “ask for it” by their behavior or appearance, exposing cultural sexism and victim-blaming.
  • Myth of the heroic rapist: Brownmiller exposes the glorification of rapists as powerful or seductive, which perpetuates rape culture and excuses violence.
  • Myth of female masochism: The book critiques Freudian and cultural theories that women secretly desire rape, arguing these serve to justify male aggression.

8. How does Against Our Will by Susan Brownmiller address the intersection of race and rape?

  • Racialized myths: The book explores how the myth of the black male rapist was used in the American South to justify violence and oppression against black men and women.
  • Historical cases: Brownmiller analyzes cases like the Scottsboro Boys, Willie McGee, and Emmett Till, showing how rape accusations upheld white supremacy and racial terror.
  • Sexual violence under slavery: The systemic rape of black women by white slaveholders is discussed as an economic and psychological tool of control.
  • Political manipulation: Both leftist and conservative groups have used interracial rape cases to advance political agendas, often at the expense of victims.

9. What does Against Our Will by Susan Brownmiller reveal about rape in institutional settings like prisons, the military, and police?

  • Prison rape as power assertion: Rape in prisons is about establishing dominance and hierarchy, not sexual desire, with aggressors enforcing coercive power structures.
  • Military and police abuse: The book documents cases where soldiers and police officers use their authority to commit rape, often with impunity.
  • Victim silence and cover-up: Institutional victims often remain silent due to fear, stigma, and the complicity or indifference of authorities.
  • Systemic failure: Brownmiller argues that institutional settings are particularly prone to enabling and concealing sexual violence.

10. How does Susan Brownmiller in Against Our Will describe the cultural conditioning of women and men regarding rape?

  • Female passivity training: Women are socialized from childhood to be passive, modest, and unprepared to resist physical aggression.
  • Male aggression training: Men are encouraged to be dominant and physically strong, reinforcing entitlement to female bodies.
  • Media and cultural influence: Movies, pornography, and literature perpetuate sexist myths and normalize sexual violence, shaping attitudes that support rape culture.
  • Impact on victim response: This conditioning affects how women perceive danger, respond to assault, and are treated by society.

11. What are the psychological and emotional effects of rape on victims according to Against Our Will by Susan Brownmiller?

  • Varied emotional responses: Victims may cry, scream, freeze, or show inappropriate laughter; there is no uniform reaction or recovery timeline.
  • Long-term trauma: Rape can cause lasting fear, shame, guilt, and changes in behavior, such as avoiding certain places or people.
  • Social stigma: Victims often face disbelief, blame, and isolation, which compound psychological harm and discourage reporting or seeking help.
  • Impact on relationships and livelihood: The trauma of rape can lead to financial hardship and difficulties in personal relationships.

12. What solutions and reforms does Susan Brownmiller propose in Against Our Will to combat rape?

  • Legal reform: Brownmiller advocates for gender-neutral sexual assault laws, elimination of victim-blaming evidentiary rules, and penalties proportional to harm.
  • Law enforcement changes: She calls for full integration of women in police, prosecution, and judiciary roles to reduce male bias and improve victim support.
  • Cultural revolution: The book stresses the need to challenge and change cultural sexism, including media portrayals and societal attitudes that condone male dominance.
  • Empowerment and self-defense: Brownmiller emphasizes the importance of self-defense training and collective feminist activism, such as rape crisis centers and legislative advocacy.

Review Summary

4.05 out of 5
Average of 4k+ ratings from Goodreads and Amazon.

Against Our Will is a groundbreaking feminist work on rape, praised for its comprehensive historical analysis and critique of rape culture. Reviewers appreciate Brownmiller's examination of rape as a tool of power and oppression. However, some criticize her treatment of race and outdated statistics. The book is credited with bringing rape into public discourse and shaping feminist thought, though some find it difficult to read due to graphic content. While influential, critics note its dated aspects and controversial stances on topics like pornography and sex work.

Your rating:
4.56
26 ratings

About the Author

Susan Brownmiller is an American feminist journalist, author, and activist. She gained prominence with her 1975 book Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape, which became a landmark text in feminist literature. Brownmiller's activism spans civil rights and women's liberation movements. She participated in sit-ins, voter registration drives, and feminist organizations like New York Radical Women. Brownmiller co-founded Women Against Pornography and continues to write and speak on feminist issues. Her work has significantly influenced discussions on rape, gender dynamics, and women's rights. Brownmiller's contributions to journalism and feminist thought have earned her recognition, including an Alicia Patterson Journalism Fellowship.

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