Aristotle's Poetics for Screenwriters

1. Plot is the Soul of Tragedy: Unify Action for Emotional Impact

The first essential, the life and soul, so to speak, of Tragedy is the Plot; and that the Characters come second—compare the parallel in painting, where the most beautiful colours laid on without order [unity] will not give one the same pleasure as a simple black-and-white sketch of a portrait.

Unity of action is paramount in crafting a powerful screenplay. A well-structured plot should have a clear beginning, middle, and end, with each event causally connected to the next. This unified action forms the backbone of the story, creating a single, complete narrative that engages the audience emotionally.

Plot as a living organism: Think of your plot as a living creature, where each scene serves as a vital organ. Every element should contribute to the overall function and purpose of the story. Avoid extraneous subplots or scenes that don't advance the main action. Instead, focus on developing the magnitude and depth of your central narrative through carefully chosen incidents that build upon each other.

• Ensure each scene connects to the main action
• Develop plot through cause-and-effect relationships
• Avoid unnecessary subplots that distract from the core story

2. Character Development: Create Relatable Heroes with Moral Complexity

There remains, then, the intermediate [between good and bad] kind of person, a man not pre-eminently virtuous and just, whose misfortune, however, is brought upon him not by vice and depravity but by some error of judgement.

Balanced characterization is key to creating compelling protagonists. Aristotle suggests that the most effective heroes are neither purely good nor entirely bad, but rather a mix of both qualities. This complexity makes characters more relatable and human, allowing audiences to connect with them on a deeper level.

Moral dilemmas drive character development and plot progression. By placing your characters in situations that challenge their moral compass, you create opportunities for growth, conflict, and emotional resonance. Consider these elements when crafting your hero:

• Give your protagonist both strengths and flaws
• Create situations that test the character's values
• Show how the hero's choices impact their fate and the story's outcome
• Use secondary characters to highlight different aspects of morality

3. Reversal of Fortune: Craft Compelling Story Arcs

As a rough general formula, [a tragedy should be] a length which allows of the hero passing by a series of probable or necessary stages from misfortune to happiness, or from happiness to misfortune …

Dramatic shifts in a character's circumstances create powerful storytelling moments. The reversal of fortune, or peripeteia, is a crucial element in crafting a compelling narrative arc. This change should be a natural consequence of the hero's actions and decisions, rather than a random occurrence.

To effectively implement a reversal of fortune:

• Establish the hero's initial state clearly
• Build tension through a series of escalating events
• Create a turning point that dramatically alters the hero's situation
• Ensure the reversal feels both surprising and inevitable
• Use the aftermath to explore the consequences and character growth

Remember that the reversal can occur in either direction - from good fortune to bad, or vice versa. The key is to make the change significant and emotionally impactful for both the character and the audience.

4. Catharsis: Build Emotional Release Through Plot Structure

… With incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotions.

Emotional purging is the ultimate goal of tragedy, according to Aristotle. Catharsis refers to the release of pent-up emotions that audiences experience through witnessing the hero's journey. This emotional release is not just a final moment but a culmination of the entire narrative structure.

To achieve catharsis in your screenplay:

• Develop a strong emotional connection between the audience and the hero
• Build tension and conflict throughout the story
• Create moments of intense suffering or joy for the protagonist
• Ensure that the hero's fate feels earned and meaningful
• Craft a resolution that provides emotional closure for the audience

Remember that catharsis is not limited to sad endings; it can also occur in stories with positive outcomes. The key is to create a powerful emotional journey that resonates with viewers long after the story ends.

5. Dialogue as Action: Integrate Speech into Plot Progression

… the poet must be more the poet of his stories or Plots than of his verses, inasmuch as he is a poet by virtue of the imitative element in his work, and it is actions that he imitates.

Dynamic dialogue should serve as an integral part of the plot, not merely as exposition or filler. Effective dialogue moves the story forward, reveals character, and contributes to the overall action of the screenplay. Avoid lengthy conversations that don't advance the plot or provide insight into the characters.

To create powerful dialogue:

• Ensure each line serves a purpose in advancing the story or revealing character
• Use subtext to convey deeper meanings and emotions
• Create tension and conflict through character interactions
• Balance dialogue with action and visual storytelling
• Consider the unique voice and perspective of each character

Remember that in screenwriting, showing is often more effective than telling. Use dialogue sparingly and purposefully, allowing actions and visual elements to carry much of the storytelling weight.

6. Universal Themes: Reflect Human Truths in Storytelling

…for if one has not seen the thing before, one's pleasure will not be in the picture as an imitation of it.

Timeless resonance is achieved by tapping into universal human experiences and emotions. Aristotle suggests that the most powerful stories are those that reflect truths the audience already knows, allowing them to recognize and connect with the narrative on a deeper level.

To incorporate universal themes in your screenplay:

• Identify core human experiences and emotions relevant to your story
• Explore timeless conflicts such as love vs. duty, individual vs. society, or man vs. nature
• Use your characters and plot to illuminate broader truths about the human condition
• Balance specific, unique story elements with universal concepts
• Consider how your theme relates to contemporary issues while remaining timeless

By grounding your story in universal themes, you create a work that can resonate with audiences across time and cultures, increasing its impact and longevity.

7. Non-Linear Narratives: Experiment with Chronology for Impact

The Plot, in our present sense of the term, is simply this, the combination of the incidents or things done in the story …

Chronological flexibility can enhance storytelling when used purposefully. While Aristotle emphasized linear narratives, modern screenwriters have found success in experimenting with non-linear structures. These approaches can create unique emotional impacts and reveal information in compelling ways.

When considering a non-linear narrative:

• Ensure that the structure serves the story, not vice versa
• Use time jumps to create tension, mystery, or emotional resonance
• Carefully consider how information is revealed to the audience
• Maintain a clear through-line or central conflict to anchor the narrative
• Balance complexity with clarity to avoid confusing the audience

Remember that non-linear structures should enhance the emotional journey and thematic exploration of your story, rather than serving as a mere gimmick.

8. Historical Framework: Ground Fiction in Reality for Authenticity

… what convinces is the possible; now whereas we are not yet sure as to the possibility of that which has not happened, that which has happened is manifestly possible, else it would not have come to pass.

Anchoring in reality lends credibility and depth to fictional narratives. By incorporating historical events, figures, or settings into your screenplay, you create a sense of authenticity that can make even the most fantastical elements feel grounded and believable.

To effectively use historical elements in your screenplay:

• Research thoroughly to ensure accuracy in details and context
• Blend historical facts with fictional elements seamlessly
• Use historical events or figures as a backdrop for your original story
• Consider exploring lesser-known historical incidents for fresh perspectives
• Balance historical accuracy with dramatic necessities

Remember that while historical accuracy is important, your primary goal is to tell a compelling story. Use historical elements to enhance your narrative without becoming bogged down in excessive detail or losing sight of your core plot and characters.

Last updated: January 23, 2025