Humankind

1. Human nature is fundamentally good, not evil

"Most people, deep down, are pretty decent."

Veneer theory debunked. The long-held belief that human civilization is a thin veneer over our savage nature is not supported by evidence. Studies of disasters, wars, and everyday life consistently show that people's first instinct is to help and cooperate, not panic or exploit others.

Evolutionary advantage of kindness. Humans evolved to be ultra-social and cooperative. Our capacity for empathy, trust, and collaboration gave us an evolutionary edge over other species. This "survival of the friendliest" shaped our physiology and psychology, making us more juvenile-looking and socially attuned compared to our ancestors.

Reality vs. perception. While the news media and popular culture often portray humans as selfish and violent, research shows this is a skewed perspective. Most people overestimate others' selfishness while underestimating their altruism. This cynical view can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, creating systems and institutions that bring out the worst in people.

2. Cooperation, not competition, drove human evolution

"Humans are ultrasocial learning machines. We're born to learn, to bond and to play."

Social learning as superpower. Humans outperform other primates not in raw intelligence, but in our ability to learn from each other. This capacity for cultural transmission allowed us to accumulate knowledge and skills over generations, leading to our dominance as a species.

Domestication of humans. Similar to how we domesticated dogs, humans underwent a process of self-domestication. We evolved to be more cooperative, less aggressive, and more childlike in appearance. This made us better at working together and building complex societies.

Friendship as evolutionary strategy. Our ancestors' success depended on their ability to form and maintain social bonds. Those who were better at cooperation and friendship were more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on these traits to future generations.

3. War and violence are not innate to human nature

"If we had been left to ourselves, there would never have been another shot fired."

Reluctance to kill. Contrary to popular belief, most soldiers in combat situations are reluctant to kill. Studies from various wars show that only a small percentage of soldiers actively engage in combat, with many deliberately missing their targets or not firing at all.

Origins of large-scale violence. Widespread warfare only emerged with the advent of agriculture and settled societies, about 10,000 years ago. For most of human history, our ancestors lived in small, egalitarian groups with little organized violence.

Propaganda and distance. Large-scale violence typically requires extensive propaganda to dehumanize the enemy and psychological conditioning to overcome natural aversion to killing. Modern warfare often relies on long-distance weapons to overcome this reluctance, as it's much harder to harm someone face-to-face.

4. Civilization brought both progress and problems

"For ages civilisation was a disaster."

Double-edged sword of progress. While the advent of agriculture and settled societies led to technological advancements and population growth, it also introduced new problems:

• Inequality and social hierarchies
• Spread of infectious diseases
• Environmental degradation
• Large-scale warfare

Loss of egalitarianism. Hunter-gatherer societies were generally more egalitarian, with mechanisms to prevent individuals from gaining too much power. The rise of agriculture allowed for accumulation of wealth and power, leading to more hierarchical and unequal societies.

Recent improvements. Only in the last few centuries have we seen significant improvements in health, wealth, and peace for the majority of people. However, these gains come with new challenges, such as environmental sustainability and mental health issues.

5. Contact and understanding can overcome prejudice

"Contact works. Not only that, few findings in the social sciences have this much evidence to back them up."

Power of personal interaction. Research consistently shows that direct contact between different groups reduces prejudice and increases empathy. This "contact hypothesis" has been validated in various contexts, from racial integration to reducing homophobia.

Importance of equal status. For contact to be effective, it needs to occur under conditions of equal status and common goals. This explains why simply living in diverse neighborhoods isn't always enough to reduce prejudice.

Role of leadership. Leaders play a crucial role in fostering understanding between groups. Nelson Mandela's approach of learning about and respecting Afrikaner culture, while also standing firm on principles of equality, was instrumental in preventing civil war in South Africa.

6. Power tends to corrupt, but it's not inevitable

"Power appears to work like an anaesthetic that makes you insensate to other people."

Psychological effects of power. Studies show that power can lead to:

• Decreased empathy and mirroring behavior
• Increased risk-taking and rule-breaking
• More cynical views of others
• Overconfidence in one's own judgement

Selection vs. causation. While power can corrupt, it's also true that less empathetic individuals are often drawn to and succeed in gaining power. This creates a self-reinforcing cycle of poor leadership.

Antidotes to power's corruption. Awareness of power's effects, strong accountability systems, and cultivating humility and perspective-taking can help mitigate the negative impacts of power. Some leaders, like Nelson Mandela, have demonstrated the ability to wield power responsibly.

7. Intrinsic motivation trumps extrinsic rewards

"If you treat employees as if they are responsible and reliable, they will be."

Limitations of carrot-and-stick approach. Traditional management theories based on external rewards and punishments often backfire, reducing intrinsic motivation and leading to poorer performance, especially for complex or creative tasks.

Self-determination theory. Research shows that humans are naturally motivated when three basic needs are met:

• Autonomy: feeling in control of one's actions
• Competence: feeling capable and effective
• Relatedness: feeling connected to others

Successful alternative models. Organizations that trust employees and provide autonomy often see better results. Examples include:

• Buurtzorg: Dutch healthcare organization with self-managing teams
• FAVI: French manufacturing company with minimal hierarchy
• Results-Only Work Environment (ROWE) in various companies

8. Play and freedom are essential for human development

"There's no guarantee they will. But they can."

Decline of free play. Modern society has seen a significant reduction in children's unstructured play time, replaced by structured activities and screen time. This trend may be hampering children's social, emotional, and cognitive development.

Benefits of play. Unstructured play helps children develop:

• Creativity and problem-solving skills
• Social competence and emotional regulation
• Physical coordination and risk assessment
• Intrinsic motivation and love of learning

Alternative education models. Schools like Agora in the Netherlands demonstrate the potential of student-directed learning. By giving students more freedom and responsibility, these models can foster engagement, creativity, and lifelong learning skills.

9. Participatory systems bring out the best in people

"If you believe most people are rotten, you don't need to get worked up about injustice. The world is going to hell either way."

Drawbacks of top-down systems. Hierarchical, control-based systems often lead to disengagement, reduced creativity, and ethical problems. This applies to various domains, from workplace management to government.

Benefits of participation. When people are given a meaningful say in decisions that affect them, it tends to result in:

• Increased engagement and ownership
• More creative and effective solutions
• Greater trust and social cohesion
• Reduced corruption and abuse of power

Examples of successful participatory systems:

• Participatory budgeting in cities like Porto Alegre, Brazil
• Worker-owned cooperatives like Mondragon Corporation
• Community-led development projects
• Open-source software development

10. Forgiveness and non-violence are powerful forces for change

"Hatred can be transformed into friendship and bitter foes can shake hands."

Effectiveness of non-violence. Historical and statistical analysis shows that non-violent resistance movements are generally more successful than violent ones. They attract broader participation and are more likely to lead to stable, democratic outcomes.

Power of forgiveness. Forgiveness can break cycles of violence and resentment. Examples like the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa demonstrate how acknowledging past wrongs while offering a path forward can heal deep societal wounds.

Creative approaches to conflict. Innovative strategies, such as the Colombian government's use of emotional appeals to demobilize FARC guerrillas, show how understanding human psychology can be more effective than force in resolving conflicts.

Last updated: January 22, 2025