The Naked Ape

1. The Naked Ape: A Unique Primate with Carnivorous Adaptations

There are one hundred and ninety-three living species of monkeys and apes. One hundred and ninety-two of them are covered with hair. The exception is a naked ape self-named Homo sapiens.

Evolutionary divergence. Humans evolved from fruit-picking, forest-dwelling primates into cooperative hunters on open plains. This transformation led to significant physical and behavioral changes:

• Loss of body hair
• Upright posture
• Larger brain size
• Enhanced manual dexterity

Carnivorous adaptations. The shift to a hunting lifestyle resulted in:

• Improved social cooperation
• Development of artificial weapons
• Pair-bonding for child-rearing
• Spaced-out meals instead of constant foraging

These adaptations allowed humans to become the dominant primate species, combining primate intelligence with carnivore hunting skills.

2. Evolution of Human Sexuality: From Primate Roots to Pair-Bonding

As a primate he is pulled one way, as a carnivore by adoption he is pulled another, and as a member of an elaborate civilized community he is pulled yet another.

Unique sexual characteristics. Human sexuality differs from other primates in several ways:

• Extended receptivity of females
• Face-to-face mating position
• Larger penis size
• Female orgasm

Pair-bonding strategy. Humans developed a pair-bonding system to ensure paternal investment in offspring:

• Prolonged courtship
• Emotional attachment
• Sexual jealousy
• Monogamy (with variations)

This system helped maintain family units for extended child-rearing periods, balancing primate promiscuity with carnivore parental care needs.

3. Parental Care and Childhood Development in Humans

The burden of parental care is heavier for the naked ape than for any other living species.

Extended childhood. Human children have a prolonged period of dependency, characterized by:

• Slow physical development
• Rapid brain growth
• Extended learning period

Parental investment. Both parents contribute significantly to child-rearing:

• Mother: primary caregiver, breastfeeding, emotional bonding
• Father: protection, resource provision, play

This extensive parental care allows for the transmission of complex cultural knowledge and skills, enabling humans to adapt to diverse environments.

4. The Exploratory Drive: Curiosity as a Survival Mechanism

All mammals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than others.

Neophilia vs. neophobia. Humans balance the love of novelty with caution towards the unknown:

• Attraction to new experiences
• Careful approach to potential dangers

Adaptive benefits. The human exploratory drive has led to:

• Technological innovations
• Artistic expression
• Scientific discoveries
• Cultural diversity

This curiosity has been key to human survival and progress, allowing the species to adapt to new environments and challenges.

5. Aggression and Dominance: Balancing Cooperation and Competition

Animals fight amongst themselves for one of two very good reasons: either to establish their dominance in a social hierarchy, or to establish their territorial rights over a particular piece of ground.

Human aggression patterns. Humans exhibit three forms of aggression:

1. Group territory defense
2. Individual home defense
3. Social hierarchy maintenance

Cooperation vs. competition. Human societies balance aggressive tendencies with cooperative behaviors:

• Ritualized aggression (sports, debates)
• Social norms and laws
• Hierarchical structures in organizations

This balance has allowed humans to form large, complex societies while managing internal conflicts.

6. Feeding Behavior: From Hunter-Gatherer to Modern Diets

As a species we are so preoccupied with mass-produced and mass-destroying violence at the present time that we are apt to lose our objectivity when discussing this subject.

Evolutionary legacy. Human feeding behavior reflects our evolutionary history:

• Preference for energy-dense foods
• Spaced-out meals rather than constant foraging
• Social eating rituals

Modern challenges. Current food environments often clash with our evolutionary adaptations:

• Abundance of processed, high-calorie foods
• Sedentary lifestyles
• Disconnection from food sources

Understanding our evolutionary eating patterns can help address modern nutritional challenges and promote healthier diets.

7. Comfort Seeking: Grooming, Social Bonding, and Health

Religious activities consist of the coming together of large groups of people to perform repeated and prolonged submissive displays to appease a dominant individual.

Social grooming. Humans have developed various forms of social bonding that parallel primate grooming:

• Conversation ("grooming talk")
• Physical touch (handshakes, hugs)
• Shared activities

Health and comfort. Comfort-seeking behaviors extend to health practices:

• Personal hygiene routines
• Medical care as an extension of grooming
• Psychological comfort through social support

These comfort-seeking behaviors play a crucial role in maintaining both individual and social well-being.

8. Human-Animal Relationships: From Prey to Symbionts

We have evidence that, in the case of cattle, several distinct breeds had already been developed four thousand years ago.

Diverse relationships. Humans interact with animals in various ways:

• Prey: domesticated livestock, hunting
• Symbionts: pets, working animals
• Competitors: pest species
• Parasites and predators: disease vectors, dangerous wildlife

Domestication impact. Animal domestication has profoundly influenced human societies:

• Increased food security
• Development of new technologies
• Changes in social structures
• Emotional bonds with companion animals

Understanding these relationships provides insight into human evolution and the development of civilization.

Last updated: January 22, 2025