Key Takeaways
1. The Age of the Strongman: A global shift towards authoritarian leadership
Since 2000 the rise of the strongman leader has become a central feature of global politics.
Global trend. The 21st century has witnessed a resurgence of authoritarian leadership styles across diverse political systems. From Russia to the United States, Turkey to India, strongmen have risen to power by appealing to nationalism, exploiting economic grievances, and promising to restore national greatness. These leaders share common traits:
- Encouragement of personality cults
- Contempt for the rule of law
- Populist appeals against "elites"
- Nationalism and fear-driven politics
Underlying factors. This shift is driven by:
- Economic insecurity and inequality
- Cultural anxieties about globalization and demographic change
- Disillusionment with traditional political institutions
- The power of social media to amplify populist messages
- Geopolitical shifts challenging the liberal world order
2. Putin's Russia: The archetype of modern strongman rule
Putin was to become an important symbol and even an inspiration for a new generation of would-be authoritarians who admire his nationalism, his daring, his willingness to use violence and his contempt for "political correctness."
Consolidation of power. Vladimir Putin's rise and long rule in Russia exemplifies the strongman playbook:
- Centralization of authority and elimination of rivals
- Control of media and suppression of dissent
- Cultivation of a macho, nationalist image
- Use of military adventures to bolster domestic support
Global influence. Putin's model has inspired other strongmen through:
- Defiance of Western liberal norms
- Skillful use of disinformation and cyber tactics
- Promotion of a culturally conservative, anti-globalist worldview
3. Erdoğan's Turkey: From reformer to autocrat
Erdoğan's embrace of the strongman style took a while to emerge. Initially widely hailed in the West as a liberal reformer, Erdoğan has become increasingly autocratic over two decades in power.
Gradual transformation. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's journey from democratic reformer to authoritarian leader illustrates how strongmen can emerge within democratic systems:
- Initial period of economic growth and democratic reforms
- Gradual erosion of institutional checks and balances
- Increasing intolerance of opposition and media criticism
- Use of security crises to justify power consolidation
Geopolitical implications. Erdoğan's rule has reshaped Turkey's role:
- Strained relations with the EU and NATO
- More assertive foreign policy in the Middle East
- Balancing act between Russia and the West
4. Xi Jinping's China: The return of the personality cult
Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era," was written into the party's constitution. As a result, Xi became the first living leader since Mao to have his own ideas incorporated into the party's founding document.
Maoist revival. Xi Jinping has overseen a dramatic centralization of power in China, reversing decades of collective leadership:
- Elimination of presidential term limits
- Promotion of "Xi Jinping Thought" as official ideology
- Pervasive propaganda and personality cult
Global ambitions. Xi's rule has reshaped China's global posture:
- More assertive foreign policy (Belt and Road Initiative, South China Sea)
- Technological competition with the West
- Promotion of the "China model" as an alternative to liberal democracy
5. Modi's India: Strongman politics in the world's largest democracy
Modi won power by running against the tainted elite of "Imperial Manila." He professes to be uncomfortable in their company, with his provincial background and regional accent.
Hindu nationalism. Narendra Modi's rule has reshaped Indian politics through:
- Promotion of Hindu nationalist ideology
- Erosion of secular traditions and minority rights
- Centralization of power and weakening of federal structures
- Populist economic policies and nationalist rhetoric
Democratic erosion. Modi's tenure has seen:
- Increased pressure on media and civil society
- Use of security laws to target dissent
- Politicization of institutions like the judiciary
6. Orbán and Kaczynski: The rise of illiberal Europe
Orbán proudly claimed co-authorship, with the White House aide Stephen Miller, of "the last interesting speech Trump made," which had been given in Warsaw as a deliberate gesture to Trump's ideological allies in the Polish government.
Illiberal democracy. Viktor Orbán in Hungary and Jaroslaw Kaczynski in Poland have challenged EU norms:
- Weakening of judicial independence
- Control over media and civil society
- Promotion of culturally conservative, anti-immigrant policies
- Defiance of EU rules and values
EU challenge. Their actions have:
- Strained EU unity and decision-making
- Provided a model for other European populists
- Challenged the EU's ability to enforce democratic norms
7. Trump's America: Populism and the assault on democratic norms
Trump's discourse seemed to confirm this long-standing Russian and Chinese position. Here was an American president willing to say: we also lie, we also kill, our media is fake, our elections are rigged, our courts are dishonest.
Populist presidency. Donald Trump's tenure marked a dramatic break with American political norms:
- Inflammatory rhetoric and attacks on institutions
- Disregard for democratic norms and processes
- America First foreign policy challenging alliances
- Embrace of conspiracy theories and disinformation
Global impact. Trump's presidency:
- Emboldened other strongmen and populists globally
- Weakened American soft power and global leadership
- Deepened political polarization within the US
8. Duterte and Southeast Asia: The erosion of democratic institutions
Duterte stands out as the most overtly thuggish. While Trump once joked that he could shoot someone on Fifth Avenue without losing voters, Duterte actually put the theory to the test.
Violent populism. Rodrigo Duterte's rule in the Philippines exemplifies a brutal form of strongman politics:
- Extrajudicial killings in the "war on drugs"
- Attacks on media and opposition figures
- Populist appeals and coarse rhetoric
Regional trend. Duterte's rule reflects broader challenges to democracy in Southeast Asia:
- Democratic backsliding in Thailand and Myanmar
- Increasing authoritarianism in Cambodia
- Erosion of democratic norms even in more stable democracies like Indonesia
9. MBS and Netanyahu: Strongman politics in the Middle East
MBS, as he became known, was hailed by some in the West as just the kind of authoritarian reformist that Saudi Arabia needed – until the murder and dismemberment of Jamal Khashoggi, a dissident journalist, shocked the crown prince's Western fans.
Saudi transformation. Mohammed bin Salman's (MBS) rule in Saudi Arabia combines:
- Economic and social reforms
- Brutal repression of dissent
- More aggressive foreign policy
Israeli populism. Benjamin Netanyahu's long rule saw:
- Embrace of right-wing populism and nationalism
- Erosion of democratic norms and institutions
- Alignment with other global strongmen
10. Bolsonaro and AMLO: The return of caudillo politics in Latin America
Bolsonaro's victory had a continental, indeed global significance. Until the early 1980s, Latin America had been dominated by authoritarian leaders; in 1978, there were just three democracies in the whole of the continent.
Right and left populism. Latin America has seen the rise of strongmen on both political extremes:
- Jair Bolsonaro's right-wing populism in Brazil
- Andrés Manuel López Obrador's (AMLO) left-wing populism in Mexico
Common features:
- Attacks on democratic institutions
- Polarizing rhetoric
- Personalistic leadership styles
Regional implications. These trends have:
- Weakened regional cooperation
- Challenged the consolidation of democracy
- Complicated relations with the US and other powers
11. The battle of ideas: Soros vs. Bannon in the struggle for global influence
For many years, Soros was in tune with the spirit of the age, as he used the billions he had made in finance to support the transition to democracy in post-Communist Europe and elsewhere. But now the global political climate has changed and liberal ideas are in retreat.
Competing visions. The struggle between liberal internationalism and nationalist populism is embodied in two figures:
George Soros:
- Champion of liberal democracy and open societies
- Philanthropic support for civil society and human rights
- Target of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories
Steve Bannon:
- Advocate for nationalist populism
- Efforts to build a global network of right-wing movements
- Promotion of anti-globalist, anti-elite narratives
Ideological battleground. This conflict plays out through:
- Think tanks and foundations
- Media and social media
- Electoral politics and grassroots movements
12. Biden's challenge: Confronting strongman politics in a changing world order
Biden has made the global promotion of democracy a central goal of his presidency. But he has come to power in the midst of the Age of the Strongman.
Domestic struggle. Joe Biden faces significant challenges in restoring democratic norms in the US:
- Deep political polarization
- Persistent influence of Trump and Trumpism
- Erosion of trust in institutions
Global dynamics. Biden's efforts to counter strongman politics globally are complicated by:
- The rising power of China and assertiveness of Russia
- The entrenchment of strongmen in key US allies (e.g., India, Brazil)
- Economic and technological competition
Strategic dilemmas. Biden must balance:
- Promotion of democracy with pragmatic engagement
- Rebuilding alliances while addressing strongman tendencies in allies
- Domestic priorities with global leadership
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FAQ
What's The Age of the Strongman about?
- Focus on Strongman Leaders: The book examines the rise of authoritarian leaders, termed "strongmen," across the globe, including figures like Trump, Putin, Xi, and Modi.
- Threat to Democracy: Gideon Rachman argues that the strongman style poses a significant threat to liberal democratic values, marking a global trend towards authoritarianism reminiscent of the 1930s.
- Cultural and Political Context: Rachman contextualizes the rise of strongman politics within broader social, economic, and geopolitical changes, including nationalism and populism.
Why should I read The Age of the Strongman?
- Insightful Analysis: Rachman provides a comprehensive analysis of contemporary political leaders, making it essential for anyone interested in understanding current global politics.
- Relevance to Current Events: The themes discussed are highly relevant to ongoing political developments worldwide, including the rise of populism and nationalism.
- Engaging Writing Style: Rachman’s writing is both accessible and engaging, making complex political concepts understandable for a general audience.
What are the key takeaways of The Age of the Strongman?
- Rise of Authoritarianism: The book illustrates how strongman leaders have gained power by exploiting economic discontent, cultural fears, and a desire for national strength.
- Cult of Personality: Rachman emphasizes the importance of a cult of personality in strongman politics, where leaders position themselves as indispensable to the nation.
- Erosion of Democratic Norms: The author highlights the systematic undermining of democratic institutions and the rule of law by strongman leaders.
What are the best quotes from The Age of the Strongman and what do they mean?
- “I alone can fix it.”: This quote from Donald Trump encapsulates the strongman mentality, suggesting that only the leader can resolve the nation’s issues.
- “Democracy is like a tram that you ride, until you get to your destination.”: This statement by Erdoğan illustrates the opportunistic view some leaders have towards democracy.
- “The liberal idea has become obsolete.”: Putin’s assertion signifies a rejection of liberal democratic values, framing them as outdated.
How does Gideon Rachman define "strongman politics" in The Age of the Strongman?
- Characteristics of Strongman Politics: Rachman identifies four key traits: a cult of personality, contempt for the rule of law, populism, and a politics driven by fear and nationalism.
- Continuum of Leadership Styles: He argues that strongman politics exists on a spectrum, from outright autocrats to democratically elected leaders who exhibit authoritarian tendencies.
- Global Phenomenon: The rise of strongman politics is not confined to any single region or political system; it is a global trend affecting major powers like the US, China, and India.
What role does nationalism play in The Age of the Strongman?
- Nationalism as a Tool: Rachman discusses how strongman leaders often use nationalism to rally support and legitimize their rule.
- Cultural Identity: The book highlights how strongmen appeal to cultural identity and historical grievances, often portraying themselves as champions of a specific ethnic or religious group.
- Response to Globalization: Nationalism is presented as a reaction to the challenges posed by globalization, where many citizens feel left behind.
How does The Age of the Strongman address the impact of technology on strongman politics?
- Social Media Utilization: Rachman notes that strongman leaders effectively use social media to communicate directly with their supporters, bypassing traditional media.
- Control and Surveillance: The book discusses how modern technologies enable authoritarian regimes to monitor and control their populations more effectively.
- Disinformation Campaigns: Rachman highlights the role of disinformation in strongman politics, where false narratives are spread to manipulate public opinion.
What examples does Gideon Rachman provide of strongman leaders in The Age of the Strongman?
- Vladimir Putin: Rachman describes Putin as the archetype of the strongman leader, using nationalism and a cult of personality to consolidate power in Russia.
- Donald Trump: The author examines Trump’s presidency as a case study of strongman politics in a democracy, highlighting his populist rhetoric and disregard for democratic norms.
- Narendra Modi: Rachman discusses Modi’s rise in India, emphasizing his use of Hindu nationalism and populism to strengthen his political position.
How does Gideon Rachman compare the strongman style across different countries in The Age of the Strongman?
- Common Traits: Rachman identifies shared characteristics among strongman leaders, such as the creation of a cult of personality and a disdain for the rule of law.
- Cultural Context: The author emphasizes that while the strongman style may adapt to local cultures and histories, the underlying principles remain consistent.
- Global Trends: Rachman argues that the rise of strongman politics is a global phenomenon, with leaders in various countries learning from each other’s tactics.
What does Gideon Rachman suggest about the future of democracy in The Age of the Strongman?
- Ongoing Challenges: Rachman warns that the rise of strongman politics represents a significant threat to the future of democracy worldwide.
- Potential for Resurgence: While the book presents a bleak picture, Rachman also suggests that strongman rule may not be sustainable in the long term.
- Role of Global Leadership: The author highlights the importance of strong leadership in promoting democracy, particularly in the context of the US and its allies.
How does The Age of the Strongman relate to global politics?
- Geopolitical Implications: Rachman argues that the rise of strongman leaders has significant implications for international relations, particularly in terms of alliances and conflicts.
- Impact on Democracy Worldwide: The author highlights how the success of strongman leaders can inspire similar movements in other countries, potentially leading to a global decline in democratic governance.
- Responses from Liberal Democracies: The book examines how liberal democracies are responding to the rise of strongman politics, including attempts to reinforce democratic norms and values.
What strategies do strongman leaders use to maintain power, according to The Age of the Strongman?
- Manipulation of Legal Systems: Rachman notes that strongman leaders often manipulate legal frameworks to justify their actions and suppress dissent.
- Control of Media and Information: The book discusses how strongmen control media narratives to shape public perception and maintain their image.
- Exploitation of Crises: Strongman leaders frequently exploit crises, such as economic downturns or security threats, to consolidate power and justify authoritarian measures.
Review Summary
The Age of the Strongman examines the rise of authoritarian leaders worldwide, analyzing their shared characteristics and tactics. Reviewers praise Rachman's insightful analysis, personal anecdotes, and accessible writing style. Many find the book informative and timely, offering a comprehensive overview of global strongmen. Some critics note a lack of new information for those already familiar with the subject. Overall, readers appreciate the book's exploration of the threat these leaders pose to democracy, though opinions vary on its depth and originality.
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