Key Takeaways
1. Art forgery: A centuries-old practice driven by greed and ego
"I will astonish Paris with an apple!" Cézanne famously foretold, and that he did.
Motivation behind forgery. Art forgery has been a persistent issue in the art world for centuries, driven by a combination of financial gain and the forger's desire for recognition. Forgers often see themselves as unappreciated geniuses, capable of fooling experts and creating works indistinguishable from those of famous artists.
Historical context. Notable examples of forgery date back to Renaissance times, with even Michelangelo alleged to have created fake antiquities. The practice has evolved over time, with forgers adapting to new authentication techniques and targeting different artistic styles and periods. Modern forgers often focus on 20th-century artists due to the relative ease of replicating their styles and the high market value of their works.
2. The Beltracchi scandal: Exposing flaws in art authentication
"I am too good for them. That's their problem. And the problem is they think they can look at the painting and say 'that's this or that.' And therefore I have shown them a mirror, you know."
The master forger. Wolfgang Beltracchi, perhaps the most notorious forger of the 21st century, created hundreds of fake paintings attributed to famous artists. His scheme involved inventing a fictional collection, the "Jägers Collection," to provide provenance for his forgeries.
Unraveling the fraud. Beltracchi's downfall came through scientific analysis, which revealed anachronistic pigments in his works. This case highlighted the importance of combining connoisseurship with scientific methods in art authentication. The scandal exposed weaknesses in the art market's reliance on expert opinions and provenance documents, leading to increased scrutiny and improved authentication processes.
3. Knoedler Gallery fraud: When reputation trumps due diligence
"I tries [sic] to make it clear not to [sic] long ago that using IFAR was NOT a good idea. I told you from horror stories I know to be true regarding IFAR . . . What the hell were you thinking, or were you letting someone do your thinking for you."
A prestigious gallery's fall. The Knoedler & Company scandal involved the sale of millions of dollars worth of forged paintings, allegedly from a previously unknown collection. The gallery's president, Ann Freedman, maintained her innocence, claiming she believed the works to be authentic.
Lessons learned. This case demonstrated how even reputable institutions can fall victim to fraud when proper due diligence is not conducted. It highlighted the importance of:
- Thorough provenance research
- Scientific analysis of artworks
- Skepticism towards too-good-to-be-true discoveries
- The need for transparency in the art market
4. Larry Salander's Ponzi scheme: Betraying trust in the art world
"In my view you are the most dishonest and devious person I have ever dealt with."
A web of deception. Larry Salander, a prominent New York art dealer, orchestrated a massive Ponzi scheme involving the sale and resale of artworks, often without the knowledge or consent of their owners. His fraud affected numerous artists, collectors, and even celebrities.
Impact on the art world. Salander's case exposed:
- The vulnerability of artists and their estates to unscrupulous dealers
- The need for better oversight and regulation in the art market
- The importance of clear contracts and documentation in art transactions
- The potential for abuse in the consignment system
The fallout from this scandal led to increased scrutiny of art dealers and galleries, prompting calls for more transparency and accountability in the industry.
5. The vulnerability of renowned artists to theft and forgery
"Certainly not a pleasure," he said in his typically understated manner. Referring perhaps to both the ongoing litigation and the distress he had to feel over what had occurred in the past years, he added, "But I can't talk about it. I don't want to talk about it. I don't want to define it in any way."
Artists as victims. Even famous artists like Jasper Johns have fallen victim to theft and forgery by those close to them. Johns' assistant, James Meyer, stole artworks and sold them as authorized pieces, while foundry owner Brian Ramnarine created unauthorized copies of Johns' sculptures.
Protecting artistic legacy. These cases highlight:
- The need for artists to carefully vet and monitor those with access to their work
- The importance of proper documentation and inventory management
- The challenges of maintaining control over an artist's oeuvre, especially as they age
- The potential for abuse of trust in close working relationships within the art world
6. The Bakwin art theft: A 25-year saga of deception and recovery
"It was a very major decision of mine to sell it," he said. "The risk of damage of any kind or robbery just felt a little too high. Much as I would have loved to continue holding it, it seemed to me too important to have hanging in a modest apartment in Chicago."
A complex recovery. The theft of paintings from Michael Bakwin's home in 1978 led to a 25-year journey involving:
- The discovery of the paintings by the thief's lawyer, Robert Mardirosian
- Mardirosian's attempts to profit from the stolen art
- The involvement of the Art Loss Register in recovering the works
- Legal battles across multiple jurisdictions
Lessons for collectors. This case demonstrates:
- The importance of proper security measures for valuable art collections
- The challenges of recovering stolen art, even decades later
- The role of specialized organizations like the Art Loss Register in art recovery
- The potential legal and ethical pitfalls of possessing or attempting to sell stolen art
7. Televised art auctions: A new frontier for fraud
"Ms. Khan committed the crimes of conviction while suffering from extreme financial pressures that resulted from overwhelmingly large medical bills. Ms. Khan has no medical insurance, she turned 70 this year, and she [is] under a crushing debt from staggeringly high medical bills."
The Fine Art Treasures Gallery scam. Kristine Eubanks and her associates orchestrated a massive fraud through televised art auctions, selling forged and misattributed artworks to unsuspecting buyers. Their scheme involved:
- Creating fake provenance stories
- Misrepresenting the value and authenticity of artworks
- Using shill bidding to artificially inflate prices
- Exploiting the trust of viewers in televised auctions
Protecting consumers. This case highlights the need for:
- Greater regulation of televised and online art sales
- Education of consumers about the risks of buying art through non-traditional channels
- Improved verification processes for artworks sold through mass media
- Skepticism towards claims of newly discovered masterpieces or collections
8. eBay and online marketplaces: Breeding grounds for art scams
"Bidding is meant to be fun, but remember that each bid you place enters you into a binding contract. . . . If you win an item, you're obligated to purchase it."
The digital frontier of art fraud. Online marketplaces like eBay have become hotbeds for art scams, with fraudsters exploiting the platform's reach and the difficulty of authenticating artworks remotely. Notable cases include:
- The Walton Diebenkorn scandal, where a fake painting was nearly sold for millions
- Numerous instances of forged prints and drawings being sold as originals
Challenges and solutions. The rise of online art sales presents unique challenges:
- Difficulty in examining artworks in person before purchase
- Ease of creating fake provenance and documentation
- The global nature of online transactions complicating legal recourse
To combat these issues, online platforms have implemented:
- Improved reporting systems for suspicious listings
- Partnerships with art experts and law enforcement
- Enhanced buyer protection policies
9. Scientific advances in art authentication: A game-changer for detecting forgeries
"It is not simply the use of 'science' as it exists in the popular imagination, but a deep and rigorous interdisciplinary analysis of materials and historical technology that should be applied, and recognized, as the appropriate protocol in cases when potential forgeries are studied."
The role of science. Advances in scientific analysis have revolutionized art authentication, making it increasingly difficult for forgers to create convincing fakes. Key technologies include:
- Pigment analysis using spectroscopy and chromatography
- X-ray fluorescence for examining underlying layers and materials
- Radiocarbon dating for determining the age of materials
- Advanced imaging techniques for revealing hidden details and alterations
Combining expertise. The most effective approach to authentication involves:
- Collaboration between art historians, conservators, and scientists
- A holistic examination of an artwork's physical properties, provenance, and stylistic elements
- Continuous updating of databases and reference materials for comparison
- Development of new analytical techniques to stay ahead of forgers' methods
These advances have significantly improved the ability to detect forgeries and have forced forgers to become increasingly sophisticated in their techniques.
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FAQ
1. What is The Art of the Con by Anthony M. Amore about?
- Exploration of art fraud: The book investigates notorious cases of art fakes, frauds, and forgeries, revealing how con artists exploit vulnerabilities in the art world.
- Real-life case studies: Amore presents detailed stories of scams involving forgers, fraudulent dealers, and stolen masterpieces, spanning both historical and modern times.
- Focus on authentication and provenance: The narrative emphasizes the challenges of verifying authenticity and the critical role of provenance in the art market.
- Impact on the art world: The book illustrates the consequences of art crime for collectors, artists, galleries, and cultural heritage.
2. Why should I read The Art of the Con by Anthony M. Amore?
- Insight into art world risks: Readers gain a rare look at the dark side of the art market, learning how even experts can be deceived by sophisticated scams.
- Educational value: The book explains key concepts like provenance, authentication, and scientific analysis, making it valuable for collectors, dealers, and enthusiasts.
- Engaging storytelling: Amore combines true crime narratives with art history, making complex topics accessible and compelling.
- Appreciation for investigators: The book honors the work of law enforcement and experts who unravel art crimes and protect cultural heritage.
3. What are the key takeaways from The Art of the Con by Anthony M. Amore?
- Provenance is paramount: Establishing a clear, documented history of ownership is crucial for authenticating art and preventing fraud.
- Science and art history unite: Modern authentication relies on both technical art history and scientific methods like pigment analysis and imaging.
- Psychology of belief: Con artists exploit buyers’ desires to find rare masterpieces, often leading to lapses in judgment.
- Market vulnerabilities: The art world’s opacity, high values, and reliance on trust make it susceptible to deception and fraud.
4. What are the main types of art fraud described in The Art of the Con by Anthony M. Amore?
- Forgery and counterfeiting: The book details how skilled forgers create fake paintings, prints, and sculptures using period-appropriate materials and techniques.
- Theft and illegal sales: Stolen artworks are hidden or sold through illicit channels, often resurfacing years later and complicating recovery efforts.
- Provenance and authentication scams: Fraudsters fabricate or manipulate provenance documents and certificates to legitimize fake or stolen art.
- Ponzi schemes and investment fraud: Some dealers run elaborate schemes, selling art they don’t own or misrepresenting investments in high-value works.
5. How does Anthony M. Amore define and explain the importance of provenance in art fraud in The Art of the Con?
- Definition and significance: Provenance is the documented history of an artwork’s ownership, essential for establishing authenticity and value.
- Target for manipulation: Con artists often create fake documents, forged signatures, or invented backstories to fabricate provenance and deceive buyers.
- Verification challenges: Gaps in provenance, lost records, and private sales make it difficult to confirm authenticity, even for experts.
- Red flags for buyers: Incomplete or suspicious provenance should prompt caution and further investigation before purchasing art.
6. What investigative methods and technologies are highlighted in The Art of the Con by Anthony M. Amore for detecting art fraud?
- Scientific analysis: Techniques like X-ray imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and multispectral imaging help determine if materials match the claimed age and artist.
- Provenance research: Investigators trace ownership histories, cross-referencing archives, auction records, and expert opinions to uncover inconsistencies.
- Undercover operations: Law enforcement uses sting operations, surveillance, and informants to expose forgery rings and fraudulent sales networks.
- Interdisciplinary approach: Combining scientific and historical research strengthens the ability to detect and prosecute art fraud.
7. Who are some of the most notorious art forgers and con artists profiled in The Art of the Con by Anthony M. Amore?
- Wolfgang Beltracchi: A master forger who created fake Modernist paintings and fabricated elaborate provenance, deceiving experts and auction houses.
- Ely Sakhai: A dealer who orchestrated a large-scale forgery scheme using skilled artists to copy Impressionist works, selling fakes internationally.
- Tatiana Khan: An art dealer who commissioned a fake Picasso and fabricated provenance to sell it as a lost masterpiece.
- Leon Amiel family: Publishers and dealers involved in producing and distributing counterfeit lithographs attributed to famous artists.
8. How does The Art of the Con by Anthony M. Amore describe the David Herbert Collection scam?
- Elaborate forgery ring: The scam involved a fabricated collection of Abstract Expressionist paintings, created by Pei-Shen Qian and brokered by Glafira Rosales.
- Fake provenance: The collection’s origins were obscured with invented figures and forged documents, deceiving reputable galleries and collectors.
- Gallery complicity: Knoedler & Company sold millions in forged works, failing to conduct adequate due diligence despite warnings.
- Legal fallout: The scandal led to criminal charges, gallery closure, and highlighted systemic weaknesses in provenance verification.
9. What does The Art of the Con by Anthony M. Amore reveal about the impact of art fraud on artists and the art market?
- Damage to reputations: Forgeries and unauthorized reproductions dilute the value and integrity of artists’ work, causing confusion and financial harm.
- Financial losses: Collectors and investors can lose millions on fake or misrepresented art, with recovery often difficult or impossible.
- Market trust erosion: Widespread fraud undermines confidence in the art market, making buyers more cautious and complicating legitimate sales.
- Personal toll: Artists and their heirs suffer emotional and professional distress from theft, forgery, and betrayal by trusted associates.
10. How does The Art of the Con by Anthony M. Amore address the role of the internet and online marketplaces in art fraud?
- Expansion of fraud opportunities: Online platforms like eBay give scammers global reach, increasing the scale and frequency of art fraud.
- Authentication challenges: Buyers face difficulties verifying authenticity due to limited inspection and reliance on seller-provided information.
- Fraud detection efforts: Platforms and law enforcement use expert consultation, software, and buyer protection programs to combat online scams.
- Ongoing risks: Despite improvements, online art fraud remains a significant concern, requiring vigilance from both buyers and authorities.
11. What does The Art of the Con by Anthony M. Amore teach about art theft and recovery, particularly through the Bakwin collection case?
- High-profile theft: The Bakwin family’s collection, including a Cézanne, was stolen in a major heist with no forced entry, remaining missing for decades.
- Complex recovery: The Art Loss Register and legal negotiations played key roles in recovering the stolen art, involving ransom-like demands and ethical dilemmas.
- Legal battles: The thief, attorney Robert Mardirosian, was eventually exposed and convicted after hiding the art for years.
- Lessons learned: The case highlights the challenges of recovering stolen art and the importance of persistence, legal action, and expert involvement.
12. What are the most memorable quotes from The Art of the Con by Anthony M. Amore and what do they mean?
- “We cut the head off the snake.” Refers to targeting ringleaders like Kristine Eubanks to disrupt large-scale art fraud operations.
- “Every time I return a Holocaust painting I just get teary-eyed. . . . I’d like to get it all back.” Expresses the emotional and cultural significance of recovering looted art, as shared by Special Agent Bonnie Goldblatt.
- “People really want to believe they have found something good.” Highlights the psychological aspect of art scams, where buyers’ optimism can override caution and skepticism.
- Quotes illustrate: The human, legal, and emotional dimensions of art crime, as well as the motivations and vulnerabilities that drive both scammers and victims.
Review Summary
The Art of the Con explores various art frauds and forgeries, detailing schemes by con artists who exploit people's desire to believe they've found rare treasures. Readers found the book informative but sometimes dry in presentation. It covers historical and contemporary cases, highlighting the ingenuity of forgers and the gullibility of buyers. While some appreciated the comprehensive research, others felt the characters lacked depth. The book offers insights into the art world's underbelly, emphasizing the importance of provenance and skepticism when dealing with valuable artworks.
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