The Bengalis

1. Bengali Identity: A Riverine Synthesis of Diverse Influences

Ours is a playground of the perpetual beauty and brutality of nature, and the goodness of humanity married to genocidal inhumanity during the Partition of India and after, mostly by men and some women who self-importantly interpreted scripture, norm and necessity on behalf of our various gods and their prophets; who thrive on bigotry and fear.

A confluence of cultures. The Bengali identity is not a singular, pure entity, but rather a rich amalgamation of various races, religions, and cultural practices that have converged in the Bengal region over centuries. This synthesis is reflected in the language, customs, and traditions of the Bengali people, making them a unique ethno-linguistic group. The geographical landscape of Bengal, defined by its vast river systems and fertile plains, has facilitated this cultural exchange and integration.

Rivers as lifeblood. The Brahmaputra, Ganga, and Meghna rivers have not only shaped the physical landscape of Bengal but have also served as conduits for trade, migration, and cultural diffusion. These rivers have brought together diverse communities, fostering a shared identity rooted in the land and its resources. The rivers are not just geographical features but are integral to the Bengali psyche, influencing their art, literature, and way of life.

Adaptability and resilience. The Bengali identity is characterized by its adaptability and resilience in the face of historical challenges, including invasions, political upheavals, and natural disasters. This ability to absorb and integrate diverse influences has allowed the Bengali people to maintain a distinct cultural identity while also embracing change and progress. The Bengali identity is a testament to the power of cultural synthesis and the enduring spirit of a people shaped by their environment and history.

2. Bengal: A Land of Nature's Beauty and Brutality

‘But it is muggy…’ he wrote of Bengal, and recounted the natter of those who came from the drier parts of Central Asia, for instance, who ‘call it a hell full of good things’.

A land of extremes. Bengal is a region of striking contrasts, where the beauty and bounty of nature coexist with the harsh realities of poverty, overpopulation, and natural disasters. The fertile plains and lush deltas are prone to cyclones, floods, and other calamities, creating a constant struggle for survival. This duality has shaped the Bengali character, fostering both a deep appreciation for life and a stoic acceptance of suffering.

Seasonal rhythms. The Bengali year is marked by distinct seasons, each with its own character and challenges. The crisp spring (Boshōntō) brings renewal and hope, while the scorching summer (Grishshō) leads to violent storms (Kālbōishākhi). The monsoon rains (Borsho) bring both life-giving water and devastating floods, followed by a still-damp autumn (Shorōt) and a cool winter (Sheet). These seasonal rhythms have instilled in Bengalis a deep connection to nature and an understanding of its power.

The Sundarbans. The Sundarbans, the world's largest mangrove forest, exemplifies the beauty and brutality of Bengal's natural environment. This unique ecosystem, home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and a complex web of life, is also a region of constant danger, where tides bring seawater far inland and cyclones threaten coastal communities. The Sundarbans serves as a microcosm of Bengal, reflecting its rich biodiversity and the challenges faced by its inhabitants.

3. Language as Identity: The Bānglā Uprising

The Bengali in Bangladesh—in Ōpār Bānglā, Bengal on the other bank as opposed to Épār Bānglā, the Bengal of ‘this bank’, our bank, in the Bengal within India—who institutionally sings ‘My golden Bengal, I love you’ is a Bangladeshi. The Bengali in India who rarely sings this song publicly except at the odd cultural fête, is a Bengali.

The fight for linguistic recognition. The Bānglā language holds a central place in Bengali identity, serving as a unifying force across religious and national boundaries. The language movement of 1952, in which students and activists protested the Pakistani government's decision to impose Urdu as the sole national language, was a pivotal moment in the struggle for Bengali self-determination. This movement, symbolized by the martyrs of Ékushé (February 21), laid the foundation for the eventual independence of Bangladesh.

Ékushé as a cultural touchstone. The events of February 21, 1952, have become deeply ingrained in the Bengali consciousness, shaping their sense of identity and purpose. Ékushé is commemorated annually as a day of mourning and remembrance, but also as a celebration of Bengali language and culture. The spirit of Ékushé continues to inspire movements for social justice and cultural preservation in Bangladesh and beyond.

Linguistic diversity within Bengal. While Bānglā serves as a unifying force, it is important to acknowledge the linguistic diversity within the Bengal region. Various dialects and regional variations of Bānglā exist, reflecting the unique histories and cultural influences of different communities. The recognition and preservation of these linguistic variations is essential for maintaining the richness and complexity of Bengali culture.

4. The Bengali Big Three: Tagore, Bose, and Mujib

We have revolutionaries: indeed, ours was a cradle of revolution against British colonialism, and of the Tebhaga and Naxalite rebellions, the domino effects of which continue to this day.

Cultural and political icons. Rabindranath Tagore, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman are three towering figures who have shaped the Bengali identity and left an indelible mark on the history of the subcontinent. Tagore, a Nobel laureate in Literature, is revered as a poet, philosopher, and cultural icon. Bose, a revolutionary leader, is celebrated for his role in the Indian independence movement. Mujibur Rahman, the founding father of Bangladesh, is honored for his leadership in the struggle for Bengali self-determination.

Tagore's universalism. Tagore's literary and philosophical works transcend national boundaries, promoting a message of universalism and humanism. His songs and poems are deeply ingrained in the Bengali psyche, serving as a source of inspiration and cultural pride. Tagore's legacy extends beyond Bengal, influencing art, literature, and thought across the globe.

Bose's revolutionary spirit. Bose's unwavering commitment to Indian independence and his willingness to challenge British rule through armed struggle have made him a symbol of Bengali courage and defiance. His association with the Axis powers during World War II remains a subject of debate, but his legacy as a revolutionary leader continues to inspire generations of Bengalis.

Mujib's leadership in Bangladesh's birth. Mujibur Rahman's charismatic leadership and his role in the creation of Bangladesh have earned him the title of Bongōbōndhu (Friend of Bengal). His assassination in 1975 remains a tragic event in Bengali history, but his legacy as a champion of Bengali rights and self-determination endures.

5. The Bhodrōlōk: A Complex Legacy of Culture and Class

The Bengalis, and more specifically the Bengalis of Calcutta, were and still remain some of the finest virtuosi of factiousness.

The Bengali middle class. The bhodrōlōk, a term referring to the educated Bengali middle class, has played a significant role in shaping the region's cultural, intellectual, and political landscape. This class, which emerged during the British colonial period, is characterized by its emphasis on education, refinement, and social reform. However, the bhodrōlōk has also been criticized for its elitism, insularity, and tendency towards factionalism.

Defining characteristics. The bhodrōlōk identity is often associated with certain cultural markers, such as a love for literature, music, and the arts, as well as a commitment to social justice and progressive values. However, this identity can also be exclusionary, creating a sense of social hierarchy and marginalizing those who do not conform to its norms. The bhodrōlōk are known for their garrulousness, argumentative nature, and often contemptuous attitude towards those not of Bengali origin.

A legacy of influence. Despite its limitations, the bhodrōlōk class has made significant contributions to Bengali society, producing many of the region's most influential thinkers, artists, and political leaders. The legacy of the bhodrōlōk continues to shape Bengali culture and identity, even as new social and economic forces challenge its dominance.

6. Māstān: The Underbelly of Bengali Politics

The ‘latest’ consequence of such factiousness, he wrote with some prescience, ‘now that political power has come into the hands of these clique-ridden creatures, is going to be chronic political instability.’

The rise of political gangsterism. The term māstān, referring to a thug or hoodlum, has become synonymous with the darker side of Bengali politics. Mastanocracy, the rule of mastans, has been a recurring feature of West Bengal and Bangladesh, characterized by violence, intimidation, and corruption. This phenomenon has its roots in the social and political upheavals of the 20th century, including the Partition of India, the Naxalite movement, and the rise of identity politics.

Mastanocracy's impact. The influence of mastans has had a corrosive effect on Bengali society, undermining democratic institutions, perpetuating a culture of violence, and hindering economic development. Mastans are often used by political parties to intimidate opponents, rig elections, and control local resources. This has created a climate of fear and impunity, making it difficult for ordinary citizens to participate in the political process.

Breaking the cycle. Overcoming mastanocracy requires a multi-faceted approach, including strengthening law enforcement, promoting good governance, and addressing the underlying social and economic factors that contribute to violence and corruption. It also requires a shift in political culture, away from the use of intimidation and towards a more inclusive and participatory model of democracy.

7. The Communal Divide: A Lingering Wound

Narrow conventional wisdom in West Bengal views Bangladesh as a country where people speak, read and write Bangla; sing a national anthem in Bengali...but that’s inadequate culture-cred.

The Hindu-Muslim divide. The relationship between Bengali Hindus and Bengali Muslims has been marked by periods of both cooperation and conflict. The Partition of India in 1947, which resulted in the creation of separate states for Hindus and Muslims, had a profound impact on Bengal, dividing the region along religious lines. This division has led to lasting tensions and mistrust between the two communities.

Partition's legacy. The Partition of Bengal resulted in mass displacement, violence, and the loss of countless lives. The trauma of Partition continues to shape the Bengali identity, particularly in West Bengal and Bangladesh. The creation of Bangladesh in 1971, while a victory for Bengali self-determination, also exacerbated the divide between Hindus and Muslims, as many Hindus felt marginalized in the new nation.

Building bridges. Overcoming the communal divide requires a commitment to dialogue, understanding, and mutual respect. It also requires addressing the root causes of conflict, including economic inequality, political marginalization, and the manipulation of religious sentiments for political gain. The promotion of shared cultural heritage and the celebration of diversity can help to foster a sense of unity and common purpose among Bengalis of all faiths.

8. The Prōbāshi: Bengalis at Home in the World

Growing up Bengali was for me like a series of expectations, a continuous examination of beliefs in the middle of grand histories, grand tragedies and grand expectations.

The Bengali diaspora. The Bengali diaspora, comprising millions of people scattered across the globe, has played a significant role in shaping the region's cultural and economic landscape. These prōbāshi, or non-resident Bengalis, have carried their language, traditions, and values to new lands, creating vibrant communities and contributing to the cultural diversity of their adopted homes. The diaspora has also served as a bridge between Bengal and the rest of the world, facilitating the flow of ideas, capital, and cultural exchange.

Motivations for migration. The reasons for Bengali migration are diverse, ranging from economic opportunity and educational pursuits to political persecution and social upheaval. The Partition of India, the Bangladesh Liberation War, and ongoing economic challenges have all contributed to the outflow of Bengalis from the region. The diaspora includes a wide range of individuals, from low-skilled laborers to highly educated professionals, each with their own unique experiences and perspectives.

Contributions to the homeland. The Bengali diaspora has made significant contributions to their homeland through remittances, investments, and the promotion of Bengali culture and language. Many prōbāshi Bengalis maintain close ties to their families and communities in Bengal, supporting them financially and contributing to local development initiatives. The diaspora also serves as a source of inspiration and innovation, bringing new ideas and perspectives back to the region.

9. The Goddess Within: Female Power and Paradox

We are worthy of every cliché, every twist of confounding history and confusing present and uncertain future, every joy and tragic pursuit, every exultation and horror made at the hands of nature and the nature of man.

The worship of female deities. The worship of goddesses is a prominent feature of Bengali culture, reflecting a deep-seated reverence for female power and creativity. Durga, Kali, Lakshmi, and Saraswati are among the most popular deities, each representing different aspects of the divine feminine. These goddesses are not only objects of worship but also symbols of strength, wisdom, and compassion.

Contradictions in gender roles. Despite the veneration of goddesses, Bengali society has historically been characterized by patriarchal norms and gender inequality. Women have often been relegated to subordinate roles, denied access to education and economic opportunities, and subjected to various forms of violence and discrimination. This paradox between the worship of female deities and the subjugation of women is a complex and enduring feature of Bengali culture.

Challenging the status quo. In recent years, Bengali women have increasingly challenged traditional gender roles and asserted their rights in various spheres of life. From politics and business to the arts and academia, Bengali women are making significant contributions to society and breaking down barriers that have historically limited their potential. The ongoing struggle for gender equality is a testament to the resilience and determination of Bengali women to overcome the contradictions of their cultural heritage.

10. The Obāngāli: Defining the Bengali Self Through the Other

To begin, you are what Bengalis call ‘non-Bengali’. It is closer to non-person than persona non grata, but that would be splitting hairs, which the Bengali can perform even when asleep.

Defining the "other." The concept of the Obāngāli, or non-Bengali, plays a significant role in shaping the Bengali identity. By defining themselves in opposition to those who are not Bengali, Bengalis create a sense of cultural distinctiveness and group cohesion. However, this process can also lead to prejudice, discrimination, and the marginalization of minority groups.

Stereotypes and prejudices. The Obāngāli category often encompasses a range of ethnic and linguistic groups, each associated with certain stereotypes and prejudices. These stereotypes can be based on cultural differences, economic competition, or historical grievances. The perpetuation of negative stereotypes can reinforce social hierarchies and create barriers to integration and understanding.

Transcending boundaries. Overcoming prejudice and promoting inclusivity requires a conscious effort to challenge stereotypes and embrace diversity. By recognizing the shared humanity of all people, regardless of their ethnic or linguistic background, Bengalis can create a more just and equitable society. This involves celebrating the contributions of all communities to Bengali culture and working towards a more inclusive and cosmopolitan vision of Bengali identity.

Last updated: March 23, 2025