The Feminist Porn Book

1. Feminist Porn: Defining a Genre and Political Vision

As both an established and emerging genre of pornography, feminist porn uses sexually explicit imagery to contest and complicate dominant representations of gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity, class, ability, age, body type, and other identity markers.

A transformative genre. Feminist porn is not just sexually explicit imagery; it's a deliberate intervention into how sex, gender, and identity are portrayed. It aims to challenge conventional norms and expand the visual language of desire, agency, and pleasure. This genre evolved from earlier forms like "porn for women" and lesbian porn, incorporating elements from feminist art and filmmaking.

Beyond stereotypes. Unlike mainstream porn that often relies on narrow, stereotypical depictions, feminist porn seeks to represent a wider range of bodies, identities, and sexual expressions. It explores complex concepts like desire within inequality and pleasure against the limits of gender hierarchy. The goal is to unsettle conventional definitions of sex and create alternative aesthetics.

Ethical production matters. A key aspect of feminist porn is the emphasis on ethical labor practices and the treatment of performers. Producers strive for fair, safe, and consensual work environments, often collaborating with performers to create imagery. Ultimately, feminist porn views sexual representation and its production as a site for resistance and change.

2. The "Porn Wars": A Feminist Divide Over Sex and Representation

The porn wars (also known as the sex wars) emerged out of a debate between feminists about the role of sexualized representation in society and grew into a full-scale divide that has lasted over three decades.

A deep split. The "porn wars" of the 1980s created a lasting division within the feminist movement regarding pornography. One side, often associated with Women Against Pornography (WAP), argued that porn was inherently misogynistic and linked directly to violence against women, famously using the slogan "Porn is the theory, rape is the practice." They sought legal bans on explicit material.

Sex-positive counterpoint. Opposing this view were feminists who criticized the censorship efforts and alliance with conservative forces. They argued that banning porn was a setback for women's sexual empowerment and the rights of sexual minorities. This group, including sex workers and sex-radical activists, laid the groundwork for the feminist porn movement.

Lasting impact. This debate fixed a dichotomy between an "antiporn" camp and a "sex-positive/pro-porn" camp, often losing the nuances of different types of "pornographies." The conflict highlighted competing definitions of sexuality and the power dynamics inherent in sexual representation, shaping feminist discourse for decades.

3. The Rise of Sex-Positive Feminism and Porn Activism

I embraced the label “pornographer.” All at once, I felt exhilarated by the thought that I could become America’s first feminist pornographer.

Reclaiming sexuality. In response to the censorship push, an energetic community of sex worker and sex-radical activists, alongside anticensorship and sex-positive feminists, began building a foundation for a different approach. They rejected the idea that all explicit material was inherently oppressive and instead championed sexual freedom and pleasure. Figures like Betty Dodson openly embraced the "pornographer" label as a defiant act.

Early initiatives. This movement saw the formation of groups like Club 90, a support group for female porn performers, which publicly explored the possibility of feminist pornography. Publications like On Our Backs, the first porn magazine by and for lesbians, and production companies like Femme Productions and Fatale Video emerged, creating explicit content from women's perspectives. These initiatives challenged both mainstream porn and antiporn feminism.

Building community. This early activism created spaces for feminists to engage with, produce, and study pornography, believing they could radically alter its formations and meanings. It was a direct challenge to the notion that feminists must universally condemn porn, instead asserting the value of intervention and creation. This laid the groundwork for the modern feminist porn movement and events like the Feminist Porn Awards.

4. Creating Porn "From a Woman's Point of View"

I welcomed the challenge of creating explicit erotica that was exciting, skillfully done, and above all, female positive.

A new vision. Pioneers like Candida Royalle recognized the limitations of mainstream porn, which primarily focused on male pleasure and often depicted women passively. Royalle founded Femme Productions in 1984 with the explicit goal of creating porn from a woman's point of view, emphasizing storylines, high production values, and female pleasure. Her films deliberately excluded common tropes like the "money shot."

Challenging conventions. Ms. Naughty, inspired by early feminist erotica magazines, also sought to create porn that acknowledged women as viewers and prioritized their experiences and desires. She noted how mainstream porn often ignored female pleasure, used unattractive male actors, and relied on degrading tropes. Her goal was to make porn better by centering female pleasure and perspective.

Beyond the formula. These creators aimed to move beyond the typical porn formula, focusing instead on sensuality, connection, tenderness, and communication. They sought to portray women with diverse, relatable bodies and men who cared about their partners' satisfaction. This approach aimed to make adult entertainment a tool for sexual knowledge and empowerment for women.

5. The Emergence of a "Women's Market" for Porn

I set out to create porn for women... I opted for the more obscure and less profitable option of catering to straight women—at that stage, an unknown and dismissed market.

Industry skepticism. When pioneers like Candida Royalle and Susie Bright began creating and advocating for porn for women, the mainstream adult industry was largely dismissive. They believed there was no significant market for female viewers or couples, viewing porn as exclusively a "boy's club." This made distribution a major challenge for early feminist pornographers.

Proving demand. Despite the skepticism, these creators were convinced of the demand. Royalle's Femme Productions and Bright's work with On Our Backs and Fatale Video demonstrated that women were interested in explicit content that spoke to their desires. Their early commercial success, even with limited marketing, forced the industry to take notice.

Mainstream acknowledgment. Royalle's success eventually influenced mainstream studios, leading to the development of "couples porn" lines that adopted some of her innovations like storylines and a focus on female pleasure. While often narrowly defined, this shift signified a growing acknowledgment of female desire and viewership within the larger industry, providing more options for women viewers and creators.

6. Sex-Positive Retailers and the Making of a Market

Babeland is part of a much larger network of sex-positive retailers whose raison d’être is providing customers—especially women—with quality products and accurate information in warm and welcoming retail environments.

Alternative spaces. Stores like Good Vibrations and Babeland played a crucial role in creating a market for feminist and queer porn. Founded with a focus on women, education, and sex positivity, these retailers offered a stark contrast to traditional, often seedy, adult stores. They provided clean, welcoming environments where customers, particularly women, felt comfortable exploring their sexuality and asking questions.

Curating content. These stores actively curated their collections, seeking out products and media that aligned with their sex-positive ethos. They were among the first to stock and promote films from feminist and queer producers like Candida Royalle and Fatale Video, giving these marginalized works much-needed visibility and distribution channels. This support was vital for the growth of the feminist porn movement.

Launching pads. Sex-positive retailers also served as incubators and launching pads for sex-positive creators. Many future feminist pornographers, writers, and sex educators worked on the sales floor, gaining insights into customer needs and desires. This direct interaction and the supportive environment fostered a network of individuals committed to changing cultural conversations about sex and pleasure, contributing to a "sex-positive synergy."

7. The Resurgence of Antiporn Feminism: New Arguments, Old Tactics

Antiporn feminism has re-emerged within this “new” culture of visibility and while it continues to label pornography with tenden-tious definitions like “sexually explicit material that sexualizes hierarchy, objectification, submission, and/or violence,” it now sets this in the context of a “pornified” or “sexualized” culture...

A new wave. In the 2000s, antiporn feminism saw a resurgence, updating its arguments for a new era of ubiquitous online porn. Figures like Gail Dines and Melinda Tankard Reist framed the issue as a pervasive "porn culture" or "sexualized culture" that debases society and harms individuals. They often linked porn consumption to issues like sex trafficking, addiction, and public health problems.

Emotion over evidence. This new wave often relies on emotional appeals, personal testimonies, and anecdotal evidence rather than rigorous academic research. They are frequently hostile to scholarly work on porn, dismissing it as "abstract intellectual arguments" or "intellectual games." This approach prioritizes "common sense" and feeling as the true sites of knowledge, aligning with conservative sex panics.

Conservative alliances. Like their predecessors in the 1980s, resurgent antiporn feminists often find themselves aligned with conservative and religious groups. Their focus on "healthy sexuality" often mirrors traditional, constricted views of sex tied to monogamy and emotional intimacy, implicitly or explicitly condemning diverse sexual practices and identities. This alliance allows them to gain political traction and influence public discourse, often marginalizing sex-positive feminist voices.

8. Challenging Stereotypes and Seeking Authenticity

I liked porn but I also didn’t like it—a reaction that I knew other women experienced as well. I wanted to change that. I wanted to make porn better.

Critiquing the norm. Many feminist pornographers and viewers express dissatisfaction with mainstream porn's reliance on narrow stereotypes of beauty, gender roles, and sexual behavior. They critique the prevalence of thin, white, surgically enhanced women who appear passive or perform sex acts that prioritize male pleasure, feeling alienated by these unrealistic and often degrading depictions. This critique fuels the desire to create something different.

The pursuit of "realness". A central goal for many in the feminist porn movement is to achieve "authenticity" in sexual representation. This involves showing genuine pleasure, real orgasms, diverse bodies, and interactions that feel more spontaneous and less formulaic than typical porn scenes. The aim is to create images that resonate with viewers' actual sexual experiences and desires.

Defining authenticity. However, defining "authenticity" in porn is complex and debated. What feels authentic to one person may not to another, and the concept itself can be influenced by cultural expectations. Despite the challenges, the pursuit of more relatable and less stereotypical representations remains a driving force for feminist pornographers seeking to make porn "better" and more inclusive.

9. Porn as Labor: Experiences of Performers and Producers

How dare we use our bodies and our sexuality to earn a living or merely express ourselves? Who gave us the right to absolute control over our bodies and our sexuality?

Beyond desperation. While some women enter sex work out of economic necessity, many performers in the feminist porn movement emphasize that their involvement is a conscious choice. They see it as a way to earn a living using their bodies and sexuality, often finding it less oppressive or more lucrative than other available jobs. This challenges the stereotype that all sex workers are simply victims of exploitation.

Ethical production. Feminist pornographers prioritize creating ethical and safe working conditions for performers. This includes ensuring explicit consent for all acts, allowing performers to set their own rates and choose partners, and fostering mutual respect on set. This contrasts with reports of exploitative practices in some parts of the mainstream industry.

Diverse roles. The labor in feminist porn extends beyond performing. Many individuals are involved in directing, producing, editing, marketing, and distributing their work, often taking on multiple roles. This self-authorship allows them greater control over their representation and the message of their work, turning labor into a form of activism and creative expression.

10. The Power of Spectatorship and Changing Consumption

I could plug in my Magic Wand and make as much of a fuss as those guys at the Pussycat. I understood the dual whammy of porn.

Shifting access. The advent of home video technologies like the VCR and later the Internet dramatically changed how people consumed porn. It moved viewing from public theaters, often perceived as seedy and male-dominated, into the privacy of the home. This increased accessibility made it easier for women and couples to explore explicit content without fear of judgment or discomfort.

A complex experience. Watching porn is a multifaceted experience that can involve both arousal and critical engagement. Viewers, particularly women and queers, may simultaneously be turned on by the imagery while also critiquing its stereotypes, production values, or underlying messages. This "dual whammy" highlights the active role of the spectator in interpreting and engaging with porn.

Developing literacy. The increased access and the emergence of feminist/queer porn have fostered a greater degree of "porn literacy" among viewers. Sex-positive retailers and online resources provide information about directors, genres, and ethical production, enabling consumers to make more informed choices about what they watch and support. This empowers viewers to seek out content that aligns with their values and desires.

11. Sex-Positive Synergy: Connecting Production, Retail, and Education

An important part of this synergy is the customer “feedback loop,” which has enabled a number of feminist and queer pornographers to take what they learned while working on the sales floor at feminist sex-toy stores and parlay this information back into the world of porn.

An interconnected network. The feminist porn movement is not isolated but part of a larger ecosystem of sex-positive cultural production and commerce. This network includes feminist pornographers, sex-positive retailers, sex educators, writers, and activists who share a common vision of changing cultural conversations about sex. This interconnectedness creates a powerful synergy.

Informing creation. The "customer feedback loop" is a vital component of this synergy. Individuals working in sex-positive retail environments gain direct insights into customer needs, desires, and critiques of existing porn. This information is then used by creators to inform the production of new films and educational materials that are tailored to the audience's interests, such as instructional videos or content challenging specific stereotypes.

Challenging critiques. This sex-positive synergy challenges the argument that feminist porn is irrelevant or lacks a meaningful critique of the mainstream industry. By highlighting the interconnected efforts of producers, distributors (like sex-positive stores), and educators, it demonstrates how feminist porn is deeply embedded in a movement actively working to transform the sexual marketplace and cultural representations of sex. It shows that consumer capitalism can be leveraged for socially progressive goals like sex education and social change.

Last updated: May 3, 2025