The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds

1. Attachment is a fundamental, evolved human need for proximity to trusted figures.

Attachment behaviour is conceived as any form of behaviour that results in a person attaining or retaining proximity to some other differentiated and preferred individual, who is usually conceived as stronger and/or wiser.

Beyond basic needs. Attachment theory posits that the drive to form strong affectional bonds is a primary, biologically rooted instinct, distinct from needs like hunger or sex. This behavior, seen across many mammalian species, ensures proximity to a protective figure, especially in times of vulnerability. It's not merely "dependency" learned through feeding, but an innate system for safety.

Lifelong significance. This need for connection persists throughout life, though its expression changes with age. While most evident in infants seeking closeness to parents, adults also rely on attachment figures—often spouses, family, or close friends—for security. The presence of a trusted person provides a vital sense of safety.

Emotional core. The formation, maintenance, disruption, and renewal of these bonds are the source of our most intense emotions. Falling in love, feeling secure, experiencing anxiety over threat of loss, grieving actual loss, and feeling joy upon reunion are all tied to the state of our affectional bonds.

2. Early experiences with caregivers profoundly shape lifelong attachment patterns.

Because of these interactions, whatever pattern is first established tends to persist.

Foundation for future. The quality of a child's early interactions with their primary caregiver, typically the mother, lays the groundwork for their capacity to form and maintain relationships throughout life. The responsiveness, availability, and sensitivity of the caregiver are crucial in shaping the child's developing attachment style.

Persistence of patterns. The patterns of relating established in these early bonds tend to endure. A child who experiences consistent, sensitive care is likely to develop secure attachment, while inconsistent or rejecting care can lead to insecure patterns. These early dynamics create templates for future interactions.

Circular influence. A child's early experiences influence their expectations of others and their own behavior in relationships. These expectations, in turn, affect how they interact with new people, often eliciting responses that confirm their initial beliefs. This creates a self-perpetuating cycle, highlighting the critical importance of early care.

3. Separation and loss are inherently distressing events with potential pathogenic effects.

Probably all of us today are keenly aware of the anxiety and distress that can be caused by separations from loved figures, of the deep and prolonged grief that can follow bereavement, and of the hazards to mental health that these events can constitute.

Universal distress. Separation from an attachment figure is a naturally fear-arousing situation, rooted in evolutionary history where isolation increased vulnerability. This response is not limited to humans or to childhood; it is a fundamental reaction to the loss of
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Last updated: May 23, 2025