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Why Nothing Works

Why Nothing Works

The Anthropology of Daily Life
by Marvin Harris 1981 224 pages
3.76
100+ ratings
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Key Takeaways

1. America's Malaise: Shoddy Goods and Unhelpful Services Reflect Systemic Issues

America has become a land plagued by loose wires, missing screws, things that don’t fit, things that don’t last, things that don’t work.

Beyond isolated incidents. The prevalence of defective products and poor service isn't just bad luck; it's a symptom of deeper problems within American society. From faulty appliances to unhelpful sales staff, these issues reflect a decline in quality and a growing sense of dissatisfaction among consumers. This widespread sense of things "not working" extends beyond material goods to encompass social interactions and economic stability.

Quality of life decline. The book argues that these issues are interconnected, suggesting that rising divorce rates, crime, and the proliferation of cults are all related to the same underlying causes. The author challenges readers to consider the possibility that these seemingly disparate trends are part of a coherent process of change, rather than isolated incidents. The book aims to provide a framework for understanding these changes and their impact on American life.

Holistic perspective needed. The author emphasizes the importance of taking a holistic view of culture, recognizing that changes in one area can have ripple effects throughout society. By examining the interconnectedness of various aspects of American life, the book seeks to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges facing the nation. This approach contrasts with more specialized analyses that focus on individual issues in isolation.

2. The Erosion of Personal Connection Fuels Declining Quality

In our era of industrial mass production and mass marketing, quality is a constant problem because the intimate sentimental and personal bonds which once made us responsible to each other and to our products have withered away and been replaced by money relationships.

Intimacy and quality. In pre-industrial societies, goods were often made by individuals for their own use or for close kin, ensuring a high level of care and attention to detail. This direct connection between producer and consumer fostered a sense of responsibility and pride in workmanship. As production shifted to large-scale industrial settings, this personal connection was lost, leading to a decline in quality.

Alienation and apathy. The rise of large corporations and complex divisions of labor has further exacerbated the problem, creating a sense of alienation among workers. When individuals feel disconnected from the final product and from the consumers who will use it, they are less likely to be invested in maintaining high standards. This lack of caring contributes to the production of shoddy goods and the provision of poor service.

Money-driven relationships. The replacement of personal bonds with purely monetary transactions has further eroded quality. In a system driven by profit, there is often little incentive to prioritize craftsmanship or customer satisfaction. This shift in values has contributed to a culture where short-term gains are often prioritized over long-term quality and relationships.

3. From Goods to Services: A Shift with Unintended Consequences

Clearly, the most striking finding regarding employment in the services is that workers are engaged to a disproportionate extent in low-income activities.

Service sector growth. The American economy has undergone a significant transformation, shifting from a focus on goods production to a service-and-information-based model. This shift has led to a surge in white-collar jobs, but many of these positions are low-paying, routinized, and offer little opportunity for advancement. This has resulted in a workforce that is often disinterested and unmotivated.

Industrialized services. The author argues that the service sector has become "industrialized," with tasks broken down into simple, repetitive steps. This process mirrors the division of labor in factories, leading to alienation and a decline in the quality of service. The rise of fast-food chains and automated customer service systems are examples of this trend.

Alienation in white-collar jobs. The book challenges the notion that white-collar work is inherently more fulfilling than blue-collar work. The author contends that the routinized nature of many service jobs can lead to the same feelings of alienation and disengagement experienced by factory workers. This alienation contributes to the poor quality of service and the prevalence of misinformation in the service sector.

4. The Shrunken Dollar: Inflation as a Symptom of Inefficiency

Trembling, we expect the embrace of an inhuman beast, but we are only waiting for ourselves.

Inflation beyond monetary policy. The book argues that inflation is not solely a result of monetary policy but also reflects a decline in the quality of goods and services. As products become less durable and services become less reliable, consumers are forced to spend more money to maintain their standard of living. This "quality inflation" contributes to the overall rise in prices.

Government and corporate roles. Both government and corporate bureaucracies contribute to inflation through waste, inefficiency, and a lack of accountability. Government agencies often prioritize expanding their budgets over providing effective services, while corporations focus on short-term profits over long-term quality. This leads to a situation where consumers are paying more for less.

Erosion of consumer confidence. The decline in product quality and service has eroded consumer confidence in American-made goods. This has led to a vicious cycle where manufacturers are less concerned with quality and consumers are less willing to pay premium prices for American products. The rise of foreign competition has further exacerbated this problem.

5. Women's Liberation: An Economic Imperative as Much as a Social Revolution

Today is the beginning of a new movement. Today is the end of millenniums of oppression.

Beyond social movements. The feminist movement of the 1960s wasn't solely a product of social activism; it was also driven by economic forces. As inflation eroded household incomes, more women entered the workforce to supplement their husbands' earnings. This influx of women into the labor market had profound consequences for the family and for gender roles.

Economic pressures and changing roles. The book argues that the shift in women's roles was driven by economic necessity as much as by a desire for liberation. As the cost of living rose, families increasingly relied on two incomes to maintain their standard of living. This led to a reevaluation of traditional gender roles and a growing demand for equal opportunities in the workplace.

Unintended consequences. The author suggests that the feminist movement, while aiming to empower women, also had unintended consequences. The influx of women into the labor market may have depressed wages for some male workers and contributed to the decline of the traditional male breadwinner family. This highlights the complex and often unpredictable nature of social change.

6. Gay Liberation: A Consequence of Shifting Societal Norms and Economic Realities

If we are liberated we are open about our sexuality. Closet queenery must end. Come out.

Beyond social acceptance. The rise of the gay liberation movement wasn't simply a matter of increasing social tolerance; it was also linked to broader changes in American society. The decline of the traditional family, the rise of individualism, and the increasing acceptance of non-procreative sex all contributed to the growth of the gay community.

Economic independence and identity. The book argues that economic independence played a key role in the gay liberation movement. As more individuals were able to support themselves outside of traditional family structures, they were freer to express their sexual identities and form communities based on shared experiences. This economic independence allowed for the creation of gay ghettos and the development of a distinct gay culture.

Challenging procreative norms. The author suggests that the gay liberation movement was part of a broader challenge to the traditional procreative imperative. As society became more accepting of non-procreative sex, individuals felt less pressure to conform to traditional heterosexual norms. This shift in attitudes contributed to the growth of the gay community and its increasing visibility in American society.

7. Crime and Welfare: A Vicious Cycle Rooted in Economic Disparity

I believe in Jesus. Reason sucks. And that’s everything I know.

Beyond individual choices. The high rates of crime in inner cities are not simply a result of individual choices; they are also a product of systemic factors such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of opportunity. The book argues that these factors create a vicious cycle where crime becomes a rational response to economic hardship. The author also notes that the welfare system, particularly AFDC, has inadvertently contributed to the problem by incentivizing single-parent households and discouraging male employment.

Economic desperation and crime. The author contends that chronic unemployment and hopelessness lead some individuals to view crime as a viable career option. This is particularly true for young black men who face limited opportunities in the legitimate economy. The book highlights the need to address the root causes of crime by creating economic opportunities and providing support for disadvantaged communities.

The welfare trap. The AFDC program, while intended to provide assistance to needy families, has inadvertently created a system where single mothers are incentivized to remain on welfare. The "no-man-in-the-house" rule discourages male employment and contributes to the breakdown of traditional family structures. This creates a cycle of poverty and dependence that is difficult to break.

8. Cults and the Quest for Control: A Response to Societal Instability

I believe in Jesus. Reason sucks. And that’s everything I know.

Beyond spiritual yearning. The rise of cults and new religious movements is often attributed to a search for spiritual meaning, but the book argues that these movements also offer a sense of control and order in a chaotic world. In a society marked by economic instability, social upheaval, and a loss of traditional values, cults provide a sense of belonging and a clear path to follow.

Seeking worldly solutions. The author challenges the notion that these movements are solely focused on spiritual transcendence. Many cults, particularly those with a strong emphasis on prosperity and success, offer practical solutions to worldly problems. These solutions may involve magical thinking, but they are ultimately aimed at achieving material goals.

A reflection of societal anxieties. The book suggests that the rise of cults is a symptom of deeper anxieties within American society. These anxieties include economic insecurity, fear of crime, and a sense of powerlessness in the face of large institutions. By offering a sense of control and a promise of a better future, cults provide a refuge for those who feel lost and disillusioned.

Last updated:

Review Summary

3.76 out of 5
Average of 100+ ratings from Goodreads and Amazon.

Why Nothing Works receives mixed reviews, with an average rating of 3.76/5. Readers appreciate Harris's holistic analysis of American culture and economy, finding it still relevant decades later. The book examines issues like declining product quality, workforce changes, and social phenomena. Some praise its insights on cultural materialism and social theory, while others criticize outdated views on gender and sexuality. Critics note the book's pessimistic tone and incomplete explanations for complex issues. Overall, readers find it thought-provoking despite its age.

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About the Author

Marvin Harris was an influential American anthropologist born in Brooklyn, New York. He played a significant role in developing cultural materialism, a theoretical approach combining Marxist emphasis on production forces with Malthusian insights on demographic factors. Harris proposed that these "infrastructure" elements were crucial in shaping a society's social structure and culture. A prolific writer, he applied this framework to analyze various sociocultural systems. His work bridged anthropology with other disciplines, offering a materialist perspective on human behavior and cultural evolution. Harris's contributions continue to impact anthropological thought and research methodologies.

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