Why Science Does Not Disprove God

1. Science Has Not Disproved God: The Limits of Scientific Knowledge

"Science has not, and will not, disprove it."

Scientific limitations. Science has made remarkable progress in understanding the universe, but it has inherent limitations. These limitations stem from the nature of scientific inquiry itself and the complexity of the questions surrounding the existence of God.

• Key limitations of science:
  • Inability to observe or measure supernatural phenomena
  • Reliance on empirical evidence and reproducible experiments
  • Difficulty in addressing questions of ultimate origin or purpose

Philosophical considerations. The question of God's existence involves philosophical and metaphysical considerations that go beyond the scope of scientific inquiry. Science can provide insights into the natural world, but it cannot definitively prove or disprove the existence of a higher power or creator.

2. The Coevolution of Early Science and Religion

"Early science—i.e., an understanding of nature and its forces—also goes hand in hand with the development of spiritual practice and moral codes."

Prehistoric origins. Early human societies developed rudimentary scientific understanding alongside religious beliefs. This coevolution is evident in prehistoric art, such as Venus figurines and cave paintings, which reflect both observations of nature and spiritual concepts.

Ancient civilizations. As societies grew more complex, so did the relationship between science and religion:

• Mesopotamia: Priests used astronomical observations for religious purposes
• Egypt: Religious beliefs influenced medical practices and architectural achievements
• Greece: Philosophers like Aristotle combined scientific inquiry with metaphysical speculation

The intertwining of science and religion in early civilizations laid the groundwork for future developments in both fields, demonstrating that the two were not always seen as contradictory.

3. The Scientific Revolution: From Galileo to Newton

"Galileo famously experimented with falling and rolling objects, perhaps even dropping them from the top of the Leaning Tower of his native Pisa."

Paradigm shift. The Scientific Revolution marked a turning point in human understanding of the natural world. Key figures like Galileo, Kepler, and Newton developed new methods of inquiry and mathematical tools that transformed science.

• Major developments:
  • Galileo's experiments and observations challenged Aristotelian physics
  • Kepler's laws of planetary motion provided a mathematical basis for astronomy
  • Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation unified terrestrial and celestial mechanics

Conflict with religion. While these scientific advances often clashed with religious authorities, many of the scientists themselves remained deeply religious. The tension between scientific discoveries and religious doctrine set the stage for future debates about the relationship between science and faith.

4. The Triumphs of 19th Century Science and Their Impact on Religion

"Science in general was making great strides at the time of Laplace and Lagrange, as the eighteenth century gave way to the nineteenth."

Rapid scientific progress. The 19th century saw unprecedented advancements in scientific knowledge, challenging many long-held religious beliefs:

• Geology: Evidence for an ancient Earth contradicted literal interpretations of Genesis
• Evolution: Darwin's theory provided a naturalistic explanation for the diversity of life
• Physics: Discoveries in thermodynamics and electromagnetism revealed new natural laws

Religious responses. These scientific developments forced religious thinkers to reevaluate their interpretations of scripture and the role of divine intervention in the natural world. Some embraced science as revealing God's methods, while others rejected scientific findings that contradicted their beliefs.

5. Einstein's Theories and the Complexity of the Universe

"Einstein's general theory of relativity changed our understanding of nature."

Revolutionizing physics. Einstein's theories of special and general relativity fundamentally altered our conception of space, time, and gravity. These theories revealed a universe far more complex and interconnected than previously imagined.

• Key concepts:
  • Space and time are interlinked in a four-dimensional continuum
  • Gravity is a curvature of space-time caused by mass and energy
  • The speed of light is constant for all observers

Implications for theology. While Einstein's work did not directly address the existence of God, it demonstrated the profound depths of the universe's complexity. This complexity has been interpreted by some as evidence of divine design, while others see it as a natural consequence of physical laws.

6. Quantum Mechanics: Uncertainty at the Subatomic Level

"In the quantum world, nothing resembles the world we know."

Counter-intuitive reality. Quantum mechanics reveals a subatomic world that defies classical intuitions:

• Particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously (superposition)
• Measurement affects the state of particles (observer effect)
• Particles can be entangled, affecting each other instantaneously across vast distances

Philosophical implications. The strange nature of quantum reality has led to debates about determinism, free will, and the nature of consciousness. Some have used quantum indeterminacy to argue for the possibility of divine intervention, while others see it as evidence of a fundamentally random universe.

7. The Big Bang Theory and the Origin of the Universe

"We don't know what caused the Big Bang."

Cosmic origins. The Big Bang theory provides a scientific account of the universe's early moments and subsequent expansion. However, it cannot explain what, if anything, existed before the Big Bang or what caused it to occur.

• Key aspects of the Big Bang theory:
  • The universe began in an extremely hot, dense state about 13.8 billion years ago
  • It has been expanding and cooling ever since
  • The theory is supported by observations of cosmic microwave background radiation

Theological interpretations. The Big Bang theory has been interpreted by some as compatible with the idea of divine creation, while others see it as eliminating the need for a creator. The theory's inability to explain the ultimate origin of the universe leaves room for both scientific and theological speculation.

8. The Anthropic Principle and Fine-Tuning of the Universe

"The odds against a universe like ours emerging out of something like the Big Bang are enormous."

Cosmic coincidences. The anthropic principle observes that the fundamental constants and laws of physics appear to be finely tuned to allow for the existence of life. This apparent fine-tuning has led to various interpretations:

• Weak anthropic principle: We observe these constants because we exist to observe them
• Strong anthropic principle: The universe must have properties that allow life to develop
• Multiverse hypothesis: Our universe is one of many, each with different constants

Theological implications. The fine-tuning of the universe has been seen by some as evidence of intelligent design, while others argue that it is a natural consequence of the multiverse or simply a result of chance.

9. Evolution: A Powerful Theory with Limitations

"Evolution can tell us how animals and species move through time—how creatures advance up the ladder of life—but it does not explain the immensely improbable appearance of life and intelligence and consciousness."

Explanatory power. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provides a powerful explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and the adaptations of organisms to their environments. It has been supported by extensive evidence from multiple scientific disciplines.

Unanswered questions. Despite its strengths, evolution has limitations:

• It does not explain the origin of life itself
• The emergence of complex features like consciousness remains poorly understood
• The theory struggles to account for altruistic behavior that doesn't confer evolutionary advantages

These limitations do not invalidate evolution but highlight areas where our scientific understanding is incomplete.

10. The Emergence of Human Consciousness and Symbolic Thinking

"Symbolic thinking allowed human beings to create amazing art many thousands of years ago. It brought us language, science, art and everything that makes us uniquely human."

Human uniqueness. The development of human consciousness and symbolic thinking represents a qualitative leap in cognitive abilities that sets us apart from other species. This emergence is not fully explained by evolutionary theory alone.

• Key aspects of human cognition:
  • Self-awareness and metacognition
  • Abstract reasoning and problem-solving
  • Complex language and communication
  • Artistic expression and creativity

The origins of these uniquely human traits remain a subject of intense scientific and philosophical debate, with some arguing for a naturalistic explanation and others seeing evidence of divine intervention.

11. Mathematics, Infinity, and the Limits of Human Understanding

"Gödel's incompleteness theorems state that there are properties of numbers that will forever remain outside our reach: we will never be able to conclude definitively whether or not they are true."

Mathematical limitations. Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorems demonstrate fundamental limitations in mathematical systems, showing that there are true statements within a system that cannot be proved within that system.

Implications for knowledge. These theorems have profound implications for human knowledge:

• They suggest inherent limits to what we can know about the universe
• They challenge the idea of a complete, unified theory of everything
• They raise questions about the nature of mathematical truth and its relationship to reality

The existence of these limitations in mathematics, often considered the most precise form of human knowledge, suggests that there may be aspects of reality that are inherently beyond human comprehension.

12. The Failure of "Scientific" Atheism and the Compatibility of Science and Faith

"The New Atheists have not shown us how all of these mysterious events in the history of the universe ever took place and how they could emerge and come together perfectly all by themselves without an external guiding force."

Overreach of atheism. The "New Atheists" argue that science has disproved the existence of God, but this claim goes beyond what science can actually demonstrate. Their arguments often rely on philosophical assumptions and interpretations of scientific data rather than direct scientific evidence.

Compatibility of science and faith. Many scientists throughout history have maintained religious beliefs alongside their scientific work. Science and faith can be seen as complementary ways of understanding the world:

• Science addresses questions of how the natural world operates
• Faith addresses questions of meaning, purpose, and ultimate origins

Recognizing the limitations of both science and religious claims can lead to a more nuanced understanding of their relationship, allowing for productive dialogue and mutual respect between scientific and religious perspectives.

Last updated: March 30, 2025