Why the Germans Do it Better

1. Germany's post-war transformation: From pariah to exemplar

No country has caused so much harm in so little time. And yet, two nearby anniversaries tell a different history.

Remarkable rehabilitation. Germany's journey from the ashes of World War II to a beacon of stability and democracy is unprecedented. The country's rapid economic recovery, known as the Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle), laid the foundation for its current prosperity. This transformation was underpinned by:

• The Marshall Plan: American aid that jumpstarted the economy
• The Basic Law (Grundgesetz): A robust constitution emphasizing human rights and democracy
• Denazification: Efforts to purge Nazi influence from society and institutions

Model democracy. Germany's post-war political system, with its emphasis on consensus-building and coalition governments, has proven remarkably stable. The country's federal structure and strong civil society have further contributed to its democratic resilience.

2. The power of memory: Confronting the Nazi past

The trauma of total defeat dominated the national consciousness.

Vergangenheitsbewältigung. Germany's ongoing process of coming to terms with its Nazi past has been painful but crucial to its rehabilitation. This reckoning has involved:

• Public memorials and museums dedicated to Holocaust remembrance
• Educational programs ensuring new generations understand the horrors of the Nazi era
• Legal measures against Holocaust denial and Nazi symbols

Cultural impact. The weight of history has profoundly shaped German culture, fostering a deep-seated pacifism and skepticism towards nationalism. This has resulted in a unique form of patriotism centered on democratic values rather than military might or ethnic identity.

3. Angela Merkel's leadership: Stability in turbulent times

Merkel has already overtaken Adenauer in terms of time in office. If she survives until December 2021, she will have outlasted Kohl and become the longest-serving chancellor of modern times.

Steady hand. Merkel's pragmatic, unflappable leadership style has provided a stabilizing influence during tumultuous times. Her approach has been characterized by:

• Cautious decision-making and consensus-building
• A strong commitment to European integration
• Willingness to take principled stands, as seen in her handling of the 2015 refugee crisis

Global influence. As the de facto leader of the European Union, Merkel has played a crucial role in navigating challenges such as the Eurozone crisis, Brexit, and rising populism. Her measured approach has earned her respect on the world stage, even as it has sometimes frustrated those seeking bolder action.

4. Immigration and identity: Navigating multiculturalism

To the consternation of its neighbours, Germany opened its doors to a human stream not seen in Europe since the end of the war.

Welcoming culture. Germany's decision to accept over a million refugees in 2015 was a defining moment, showcasing both the country's humanitarian instincts and the challenges of large-scale integration. The influx has:

• Sparked intense debates about national identity and cultural change
• Strained social services and political consensus
• Demonstrated both the potential and pitfalls of multiculturalism

Ongoing tensions. The rise of the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) party reflects lingering anxieties about immigration and cultural change. However, Germany's overall commitment to openness and diversity remains strong, with many successful integration initiatives at the local level.

5. Foreign policy challenges: Reluctant hegemon in a changing world

Germany is too large for Europe and too small for the world.

Balancing act. As Europe's largest economy and most populous country, Germany faces increasing pressure to take on a leadership role in global affairs. This has manifested in:

• Gradual increases in military spending and participation in international operations
• A central role in EU diplomacy and crisis management
• Efforts to maintain a rules-based international order in the face of rising authoritarianism

Historical constraints. Germany's Nazi past continues to shape its foreign policy, fostering a reluctance to use military force and a preference for multilateral approaches. This sometimes puts it at odds with allies seeking more assertive action.

6. Economic resilience: The social market model

Germany pursued a mix of economic growth and social inclusion long before it became fashionable in the Anglo-Saxon world.

Mittelstand foundation. Germany's economic success is built on its strong base of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), known as the Mittelstand. These companies are characterized by:

• Long-term thinking and focus on quality over short-term profits
• Strong ties to local communities and skilled workforces
• Emphasis on innovation and niche specialization

Social partnership. The German model of capitalism emphasizes cooperation between labor and management, with workers represented on company boards. This has contributed to:

• Relatively low income inequality compared to other developed countries
• High levels of job security and worker satisfaction
• Resilience during economic downturns, as seen in the 2008 financial crisis

7. Environmental leadership: Pioneering green policies

Germany was one of the first countries to 'go green' and to embrace renewable energy, recycling, cycling and all things environmental.

Energiewende. Germany's ambitious energy transition aims to phase out nuclear power and dramatically increase renewable energy sources. While progress has been uneven, the country remains a global leader in:

• Solar and wind power technology and deployment
• Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry
• Public awareness and support for environmental protection

Political impact. The rise of the Green Party from a fringe movement to a major political force reflects the mainstreaming of environmental concerns in German society. This has pushed other parties to adopt more ambitious climate policies.

8. Cultural richness: High art and popular traditions

Germans feel comfortable talking about culture, particularly high culture.

Intellectual heritage. Germany's contributions to philosophy, literature, music, and science have profoundly shaped Western culture. This legacy continues to influence contemporary German society through:

• Robust public funding for the arts and cultural institutions
• A high value placed on education and intellectual pursuits
• Thriving creative industries, from classical music to cutting-edge design

Local traditions. Despite its modern, cosmopolitan image, Germany maintains strong regional identities and customs. This is evident in:

• Vibrant folk festivals like Oktoberfest and Carnival
• Distinct regional cuisines and dialects
• Pride in local industries and craftsmanship

9. Education and skills: Foundations of success

Around half of German school leavers go into vocational training.

Dual system. Germany's vocational education and training system, which combines classroom learning with on-the-job experience, is widely admired and contributes to:

• Low youth unemployment rates
• A highly skilled workforce across various industries
• Close alignment between education and labor market needs

Lifelong learning. The emphasis on continuous skill development extends beyond formal education, with many companies offering ongoing training and development opportunities for employees.

10. Looking ahead: Germany's role in shaping the future

Germany is Europe's best hope in this era of nationalism, anti-enlightenment and fear.

Democratic bulwark. In an age of rising populism and authoritarianism, Germany's commitment to liberal democracy and multilateralism takes on added significance. The country's experiences offer valuable lessons for other nations grappling with similar challenges.

Future challenges. As Germany looks to the future, key issues include:

• Adapting its economic model to the digital age and climate change
• Maintaining social cohesion in an increasingly diverse society
• Balancing its European commitments with global responsibilities
• Navigating changing geopolitical dynamics, particularly with China and Russia

Germany's ability to address these challenges while staying true to its post-war values will be crucial in determining its continued success and influence on the world stage.

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Last updated: September 9, 2024