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Experiential Learning Design

Experiential Learning Design

Theoretical Foundations and Effective Principles
作者 Colin Beard 2022 263 页数
8 分钟
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重点摘要

1. 体验式学习设计将体验置于学习的中心

体验无法被绕过,它是所有学习的核心考虑因素。

体验作为基础。 体验式学习设计注重创造有意义的体验,使学习者积极参与,而不是被动地接收信息。这种方法认识到,学习是通过与世界的直接接触发生的,而不仅仅是通过抽象概念。

整体参与。 有效的体验式学习设计涉及整个个体——身体、情感、智力和社会。他们为学习者创造机会:

  • 与现实世界的情况或模拟互动
  • 反思他们的体验
  • 形成新的理解
  • 将他们的学习应用到新的情境中

超越课堂。 体验式学习可以在各种环境中发生,从户外探险到社区服务项目再到工作实习。关键是设计出对学习者有意义、具有挑战性和相关性的体验。

2. 整体体验学习模型(HELM)整合了七种体验模式

体验是一个多维现象,涉及个人、群体、组织和社会与世界的互动,通过展开的解释层次(包括个人、社会、生物、文化、意识和潜意识等)相互影响,持续变化。

七种相互关联的模式。 HELM模型通过识别七种核心体验模式扩展了传统的体验式学习循环:

  1. 行动
  2. 感知
  3. 感受
  4. 思考
  5. 归属(在人际关系中)
  6. 归属(在超人类世界中)
  7. 存在

动态互动。 这些模式不是独立的,而是不断在复杂的网络中互动。有效的学习设计考虑如何同时或以互补的顺序激活多种模式。

整体框架。 通过涵盖所有七种模式,HELM提供了一个全面的框架,用于设计丰富的、变革性的学习体验,涉及整个个体及其与周围世界的关系。

3. 行动和感知是体验式学习的基础

手部积极操控外部物体,激发想象力。物体通过物理-感官-情感-认知互动支持内部意义的构建。

具身认知。 我们的身体,尤其是我们的手,在我们如何学习和理解世界中起着至关重要的作用。与物体和环境的物理互动刺激认知过程,并帮助形成持久的记忆。

多感官参与。 有效的体验式学习设计涉及多种感官:

  • 视觉:使用图像、图表和物理演示
  • 听觉:结合声音、音乐和口头指示
  • 动觉:涉及运动、触摸和操控物体
  • 嗅觉和味觉:在相关情况下,包括气味和味道

积极参与。 无论是物理的还是虚拟的动手活动,都允许学习者通过直接体验构建理解。这可能包括建造模型、进行实验、角色扮演场景或创作艺术。

4. 情感和感觉在学习体验中起着至关重要的作用

情感和意义是由相同的过程创造的。

情感参与。 引发情感的学习体验更有可能令人难忘和有影响力。好奇心、兴奋和喜悦等积极情感可以增强动机和认知处理。

情感智力。 体验式学习设计应考虑如何培养学习者的情感意识和调节技能。这包括:

  • 识别和命名情感
  • 理解情感触发因素
  • 制定管理情感的策略

情感氛围。 学习环境的整体情感氛围对学习有重大影响。设计者应考虑如何创造:

  • 心理安全感
  • 适当的挑战和支持
  • 积极的社会互动机会

5. 批判性思维和反思将体验转化为学习

反思可以涉及展望未来以影响未来的体验,例如反思即将到来的考试。

反思作为积极过程。 有效的体验式学习设计包含结构化的反思机会。这不仅仅是被动的回忆,而是一个积极的过程:

  • 分析体验
  • 质疑假设
  • 形成新的见解
  • 计划未来的应用

多种反思模式。 反思可以采取多种形式:

  • 个人写日记
  • 小组讨论
  • 创意表达(艺术、音乐、运动)
  • 引导的可视化练习

持续循环。 反思不应仅限于体验结束时。在整个学习过程中整合反思时刻可以增强持续的意义建构和学习转移。

6. 社会互动和归属感对体验式学习至关重要

我们是关系性存在,参与与他人的复杂多样的关系。

知识的社会建构。 学习本质上是社会性的。体验设计应包含以下机会:

  • 协作解决问题
  • 同伴教学和反馈
  • 多样化的观点分享
  • 社区参与

归属感。 感觉与他人联系并成为学习社区的一部分可以增强动机和参与度。设计应促进:

  • 心理安全感
  • 包容性实践
  • 建立关系的活动

文化背景。 学习体验不是在真空中发生的。有效的设计考虑学习者的文化背景以及社会动态如何影响学习过程。

7. 与自然的联系增强整体学习体验

人类与地球的关系应该是互惠的。地球关心我们并提供生命支持。它治愈并有助于我们的福祉。它触动我们并为我们提供内心平静和喜悦的特殊时刻。

自然作为老师。 将自然环境中的体验纳入可以:

  • 刺激感官意识
  • 减少压力并增强福祉
  • 提供理解复杂系统的丰富隐喻
  • 培养环境管理意识

亲自然设计。 即使在室内环境中,结合自然元素(植物、自然光、自然声音)也可以增强学习体验。

生态意识。 体验式学习设计可以帮助学习者更深入地理解他们与自然世界的相互联系,培养可持续的心态和行为。

8. 发展自我意识和整合导致变革性学习

整合在七种体验模式之间带来平衡。

自我反思。 体验式学习设计应包含机会让学习者审视自己的:

  • 思想和信念
  • 情感模式
  • 行为倾向
  • 价值观和动机

整体整合。 当学习者在多个维度上整合新的体验和见解时,变革性学习就会发生:

  • 认知:新知识和视角
  • 情感:情感和态度的转变
  • 行为:行动和习惯的改变
  • 关系:与他人和世界的新互动方式

持续过程。 自我意识和整合是终身的旅程。体验式学习设计可以提供工具和实践,以便在特定学习事件之外继续成长。

9. 有效的设计在学习体验中结合了简单性和复杂性

设计的复杂性并不意味着学习者的体验是复杂的:对他们来说,体验应该是优雅的简单。

分层设计。 有效的体验式学习通常涉及多层设计:

  • 总体结构(例如,项目阶段)
  • 个别活动和体验
  • 反思和整合过程
  • 支持材料和资源

平衡艺术。 设计者必须找到以下方面的正确平衡:

  • 结构和灵活性
  • 挑战和支持
  • 个人和小组体验
  • 具体活动和抽象反思

优雅的简单。 虽然底层设计可能很复杂,但学习者的体验应该感觉自然和吸引人。这需要仔细关注:

  • 清晰的指示和指导
  • 活动之间的顺畅过渡
  • 适当的节奏和能量管理
  • 体验之间的有意义连接

有效的体验式学习设计既是一门艺术,也是一门科学,需要创造力、学习原则的知识以及对人类体验复杂性的理解。

最后更新日期:

FAQ

What's Experiential Learning Design about?

  • Focus on Learning Experiences: The book emphasizes a shift from traditional content delivery to experiential learning, where learners actively engage in their own learning processes.
  • Holistic Approach: It introduces the Holistic Experiential Learning Model (HELM), which includes seven modes of experiencing: doing, sensing, feeling, thinking, belonging, becoming, and being.
  • Design Principles: Colin Beard provides a framework for designing learning experiences that integrate emotional, social, and environmental factors, making learning more effective and engaging.

Why should I read Experiential Learning Design by Colin Beard?

  • Practical Application: Ideal for educators, instructional designers, and learning scientists aiming to enhance their understanding of experiential learning and its applications.
  • Research-Based Insights: Combines empirical research with practical design principles, offering a well-rounded perspective on creating impactful learning experiences.
  • Innovative Framework: Presents a unique model (HELM) adaptable to various educational contexts, valuable for anyone involved in teaching or training.

What are the key takeaways of Experiential Learning Design?

  • Experiential Learning is Holistic: Learning involves emotional, social, and physical dimensions that must be considered in design.
  • Seven Modes of Experiencing: The HELM model includes doing, sensing, feeling, thinking, belonging, becoming, and being, which interact dynamically in the learning process.
  • Design for Engagement: Effective learning experiences should engage learners actively, encouraging them to take responsibility for their own learning journey.

What is the Holistic Experiential Learning Model (HELM) in Experiential Learning Design?

  • Seven Core Modes: HELM consists of doing, sensing, feeling, thinking, belonging, becoming, and being, representing different aspects of human experience in learning.
  • Interconnectedness: These modes are not separate but interact in complex ways, reflecting the fluid nature of human learning.
  • Comprehensive Framework: HELM guides the design of learning experiences inclusive of various dimensions of human interaction and understanding.

How does Experiential Learning Design define experiential learning?

  • Learning Through Experience: Described as a process where knowledge is created through the transformation of experience, emphasizing active participation.
  • Holistic and Embodied: Learning involves not just cognitive processes but also emotional, social, and physical interactions.
  • Complex Interactions: Learning experiences are shaped by personal, social, and environmental influences.

What role do emotions play in experiential learning according to Colin Beard?

  • Emotional Engagement: Emotions significantly influence learning processes, affecting motivation, attention, and memory retention.
  • Creating Positive Environments: Learning experiences should foster positive emotional climates, enhancing engagement and facilitating deeper learning.
  • Emotional Intelligence: Integrating emotional responses into learning design can lead to more effective educational outcomes.

How does Experiential Learning Design suggest integrating sensory experiences into learning?

  • Multi-Sensory Approaches: Advocates for using various sensory modalities (visual, auditory, tactile) to create richer learning experiences.
  • Active Participation: Engaging learners through hands-on activities involving their senses can enhance understanding and retention.
  • Designing for Attention: Sensory experiences should capture and maintain learners' attention, utilizing changes in stimuli to create engagement.

What are some effective design principles mentioned in Experiential Learning Design?

  • Engagement and Responsibility: Learning experiences should encourage learners to engage actively and take responsibility for their learning outcomes.
  • Use of Senses: Incorporating sensory experiences into learning design enhances engagement and retention.
  • Iterative Design Process: Learning experiences should be iterative, allowing for continuous feedback and adaptation based on learner needs.

How does Experiential Learning Design address the role of reflection in learning?

  • Critical Reflection: Essential for transformative learning, allowing learners to analyze experiences and integrate new knowledge.
  • Facilitating Deeper Understanding: Reflection helps learners make sense of experiences, leading to personal growth and change in perspectives.
  • Encouraging Continuous Learning: Fosters a mindset of continuous learning and improvement, adapting approaches for future learning endeavors.

What are some practical examples of experiential learning activities provided in Experiential Learning Design?

  • Hands-On Learning: Activities like using physical objects for classification tasks or role-play scenarios to practice skills.
  • Real-Life Simulations: Use of simulations in training, such as flight simulators for pilots or negotiation role-plays for professionals.
  • Creative Engagement: Storytelling techniques incorporating sensory elements to enhance emotional engagement and understanding.

What are the best quotes from Experiential Learning Design and what do they mean?

  • “Learning is a process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience.”: Emphasizes that knowledge is actively constructed through experiences.
  • “We won’t meet the needs for more and better higher education until the professors become designers of learning experiences and not teachers.”: Highlights the need for educators to focus on designing engaging learning experiences.
  • “Experience cannot be bypassed; it is the central consideration of all learning.”: Suggests that without engaging experiences, true learning cannot occur.

How does Experiential Learning Design suggest enhancing motivation to learn?

  • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Discusses the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors in learning.
  • Creating Purposeful Learning Experiences: Emphasizes designing relevant and meaningful learning experiences to enhance engagement and motivation.
  • Fostering Positive Emotions: Highlights that positive emotions are linked to motivation and resilience, enhancing learners' motivation to engage with the material.

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