重点摘要
1. 积极倾听:有效谈判的基础
“有效的谈判是应用人际智慧,在生活的各个领域中获得心理优势:如何评估他人,如何影响他人对你的评估,以及如何利用这些知识来实现你的目标。”
谈判的核心不是争论你的观点,而是理解对方。积极倾听涉及全神贯注于所说的话,而不仅仅是被动地听。它需要:
- 全神贯注于说话者
- 通过肢体语言和言语提示显示你在倾听
- 通过复述和总结提供反馈
通过积极倾听,你可以收集关于对方动机、恐惧和愿望的重要信息。这些信息成为你在谈判中的杠杆。此外,当人们感到被倾听时,他们会更愿意接受你的想法并愿意合作。
2. 战术同理心:理解和影响情绪
“同理心是一种经典的‘软’沟通技巧,但它有物理基础。”
战术同理心不仅仅是理解情感;它是通过展示这种理解来影响谈判。它包括:
- 认识到对方的观点
- 表达这种认识
- 利用这种理解来引导对话
通过运用战术同理心,你可以:
- 建立信任和融洽关系
- 减少负面情绪
- 创造合作氛围
- 增加有利结果的可能性
记住,同理心并不意味着同意对方或妥协你的立场。它是关于创造一个双方都感到被理解和重视的环境。
3. 校准问题:无对抗地引导对话
“校准你的问题以引导对方解决你的问题。这将鼓励他们花费精力制定解决方案。”
校准问题是精心设计的开放性问题,引导对方解决你的问题。它们通常以“如何”或“什么”开头,旨在:
- 收集信息
- 争取时间
- 将重点转移到实施上
- 温和地说“不”而不引起对抗
校准问题的例子:
- “我该怎么做?”
- “这里的目标是什么?”
- “这在你看来如何?”
这些问题鼓励对方参与问题解决,通常会引导他们达到你期望的结果,而不会感到被操纵或施压。
4. “不”的力量:利用拒绝获得更好的结果
“‘不’是谈判的开始,而不是结束。”
与普遍看法相反,“不”在谈判中可能比“是”更有价值。当有人说“不”时:
- 他们感到安全和掌控
- 他们更愿意听你接下来要说的话
- 这通常是实际谈判的开始
利用“不”的策略:
- 提出邀请“不”作为答案的问题
- 利用“不”来澄清对方真正想要的
- 将“不”视为改进你方法的机会
记住,“不”的回应通常揭示了真正的利益所在,并且可以导致更真实、更有成效的谈判。
5. 标签化:通过言语化情绪来化解和重定向
“标签化是通过承认某人的情绪来验证它。”
标签化是通过言语承认对方的情绪。这是一种强大的工具,因为:
- 它展示了理解
- 它可以化解负面情绪
- 它允许你重新框定情况
如何有效地标签化:
- 使用“看起来像……”或“听起来像……”这样的短语
- 避免使用“我”陈述,这可能具有对抗性
- 标签化正面和负面的情绪
通过准确地标签化情绪,你可以与对方建立伙伴关系,使他们更愿意与你合作解决问题。
6. 镜像:通过微妙的模仿建立融洽关系
“镜像,也称为同构行为,本质上是模仿。这是人类(和其他动物)展示的一种神经行为,我们通过模仿彼此来安慰彼此。”
镜像是一种简单但强大的技巧,涉及重复对方刚刚说的最后几个词。它之所以有效,是因为:
- 它创造了一种联系和融洽感
- 它鼓励对方详细说明
- 它为你争取思考时间
如何使用镜像:
- 重复对方刚刚说的最后1-3个词(或关键词)
- 使用询问的语气
- 镜像后保持沉默以鼓励详细说明
镜像在谈判的早期阶段特别有用,可以收集信息并建立信任。
7. 控制对话:创造选择的假象
“在谈判中获得上风的秘密是让对方觉得他们在掌控对话,而实际上你在引导它。”
创造控制的假象是让对方觉得他们在引导对话,而实际上你在引导它。技巧包括:
- 使用校准问题来引导对话
- 提供所有通向你期望结果的有限选项
- 鼓励对方表达他们的想法和担忧
这种方法的好处:
- 减少对你提议的抵抗
- 使对方对结果更有投入感
- 导致更具创造性的问题解决
记住,人们更可能接受和实施他们自己想出的解决方案。
8. 讨价还价技巧:锚定和阿克曼讨价还价法
“在计算最终金额时,使用精确的非整数数字,例如$37,893而不是$38,000。这使数字具有可信度和分量。”
有效的讨价还价涉及战略性技巧,以在谈判中影响对你有利的结果。两个关键方法是:
- 锚定:设定一个极端的首次报价以影响对方的期望
- 阿克曼讨价还价法:一种系统的还价方法
阿克曼模型:
- 设定你的目标价格(你的目标)
- 将你的首次报价设定为目标价格的65%
- 计算三个递减幅度的加价(到85%、95%和100%)
- 使用大量的同理心和不同方式的说“不”来让对方还价,然后你再提高报价
- 使用精确的非整数数字
- 在你的最终数字上,加入一个非货币项目以显示你已经到了极限
这些技巧帮助你在谈判过程中保持控制并获得更好的结果。
9. 发现黑天鹅:改变游戏规则的隐藏信息
“黑天鹅是杠杆倍增器。记住三种杠杆:正面杠杆(给予对方想要的东西的能力);负面杠杆(伤害对方的能力);规范杠杆(利用对方的规范来使他们改变立场)。”
黑天鹅是那些如果被发现,可以极大改变谈判进程的信息。要找到它们:
- 仔细倾听不一致或不寻常的陈述
- 观察正式谈判前后的无防备时刻
- 尽可能寻求面对面的互动
发现黑天鹅的策略:
- 提出探究性、开放性的问题
- 注意非语言提示
- 从第三方获取信息
- 寻找不合逻辑的地方
记住,黑天鹅可以提供显著的杠杆作用,因此在整个谈判过程中始终要留意它们。
10. 利用差异:理解谈判者类型
“黑天鹅规则是不要以你希望被对待的方式对待他人,而是以他们需要被对待的方式对待他们。”
理解谈判者类型使你能够调整你的方法以达到*大效果。三种主要类型是:
- 适应者:注重关系,优先建立融洽关系
- 坚持者:注重时间,想快速完成事情
- 分析者:注重细节,需要时间处理信息
如何接近每种类型:
- 适应者:建立融洽关系,但注意不要过多闲聊
- 坚持者:直接切入主题
- 分析者:提供详细信息并给他们时间思考
通过识别和适应这些不同的风格,你可以更有效地沟通并在谈判中获得更好的结果。
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FAQ
What's Never Split the Difference about?
- Negotiation Techniques: The book focuses on strategies from Chris Voss's experience as an FBI hostage negotiator, emphasizing psychological over traditional methods.
- Real-World Applications: Techniques are illustrated for everyday use, from business deals to personal relationships, making it relevant for a wide audience.
- Human Psychology: It delves into understanding emotions and behaviors, highlighting their influence on negotiation outcomes.
Why should I read Never Split the Difference?
- Unique Perspective: Offers insights from a former FBI negotiator, with real-life stories that make the content engaging and relatable.
- Practical Strategies: Provides actionable techniques for immediate application in various negotiation scenarios, enhancing effectiveness.
- Emphasis on Empathy: Teaches the importance of empathy in negotiations, leading to better outcomes and stronger relationships.
What are the key takeaways of Never Split the Difference?
- Tactical Empathy: Involves understanding and acknowledging emotions to build rapport and influence decisions.
- The Power of "No": "No" is a starting point for negotiation, allowing for clarification and productive discussions.
- Avoid Compromise: Encourages seeking creative solutions rather than splitting the difference, which often leads to suboptimal outcomes.
What is Tactical Empathy in Never Split the Difference?
- Understanding Emotions: Recognize and articulate the feelings of your counterpart during negotiations.
- Building Trust: Demonstrates understanding of their perspective, creating a safe environment for open communication.
- Labeling Emotions: Use labeling techniques to validate feelings, diffusing negative emotions and fostering collaboration.
How does Chris Voss define "No" in Never Split the Difference?
- Empowerment Through "No": Provides a sense of safety and control, allowing expression of boundaries and concerns.
- Starting Point for Negotiation: Seen as the beginning of a negotiation, opening the door for further discussion.
- Encouraging Honest Dialogue: Inviting "No" creates a more honest and open dialogue, leading to better understanding and solutions.
What is the "Black Swan" concept in Never Split the Difference?
- Definition of Black Swans: Unexpected information that can dramatically alter negotiation dynamics.
- Importance in Negotiation: Identifying Black Swans shifts dynamics in favor, with every negotiation containing at least three.
- Examples of Black Swans: Real-life examples show how failure to recognize them can lead to negative outcomes.
How can I trigger a "That's Right" moment in negotiations?
- Summarize Effectively: Reflect back what your counterpart has said, including emotions and concerns.
- Use Labels: Validate their emotions to help them feel understood and more open to collaboration.
- Encourage Dialogue: Create a safe environment for expression, leading to breakthroughs in understanding and agreement.
What is the Behavioral Change Stairway Model (BCSM) in Never Split the Difference?
- Five Stages of Negotiation: Consists of active listening, empathy, rapport, influence, and behavioral change.
- Focus on Emotional Connection: Emphasizes establishing a connection to influence behavior positively.
- Real-World Application: Illustrates how successful negotiations lead to meaningful changes in behavior and outcomes.
What are some techniques for building rapport in negotiations according to Chris Voss?
- Mirroring: Mimic body language and speech patterns to create a sense of connection and trust.
- Labeling Emotions: Demonstrate understanding and empathy by labeling the emotions of the other party.
- Active Listening: Ask open-ended questions and summarize points to foster a collaborative atmosphere.
What is the Ackerman model mentioned in Never Split the Difference?
- Four-Step Process: Involves setting a target price, making an initial offer at 65%, and increasing in decreasing increments.
- Psychological Anchoring: Start with a low offer to set an extreme anchor, influencing expectations.
- Non-Round Numbers: Use precise numbers in offers to lend credibility and weight to the proposal.
How can I effectively say "No" in negotiations according to Chris Voss?
- Calibrated Questions: Use questions like "How am I supposed to do that?" to decline while keeping the conversation open.
- Empathy and Understanding: Express empathy and understanding of the other party's position when saying "No."
- Multiple "No" Steps: Use a series of "No" responses before a final rejection to communicate boundaries without shutting down the conversation.
What role does emotional intelligence play in negotiation in Never Split the Difference?
- Understanding Emotions: Recognize and understand both your own emotions and those of your counterpart.
- Building Trust: Demonstrate empathy and validate feelings to build trust and rapport.
- Managing Reactions: Stay calm and composed to maintain control and avoid escalating conflicts.
评论
《永不妥协》获得了大多数正面评价,读者称赞其实用的谈判技巧和真实案例。许多人认为作者的FBI人质谈判经验引人入胜。批评者认为某些策略显得操控性强或具有文化特定性。读者欣赏书中对同理心、积极倾听和理解他人观点的重视。一些人觉得内容过于繁杂或难以应用。总体而言,大多数读者认为这是一本在职业和个人环境中提升谈判技巧的宝贵资源。