A History of the Jews

1. The Enduring Tenacity of the Jewish People

The Jews are the most tenacious people in history.

Unwavering survival. The history of the Jews is a testament to their extraordinary resilience and ability to endure through millennia of adversity. From ancient times to the present day, they have faced countless challenges, yet they have maintained their unique identity and traditions.

Hebron as a symbol. The city of Hebron, with its ancient tombs of the patriarchs, serves as a powerful symbol of Jewish tenacity. Despite being conquered and reconquered by various empires, the Jewish presence there has persisted, demonstrating their deep connection to the land and their unwavering commitment to their heritage.

• Canaanites, Edomites, Hellenes, Romans, Byzantines, Franks, Mamluks, and Ottomans have all vanished, but the Jews remain.
• Hebron has been a Hebrew shrine, a synagogue, a Byzantine basilica, a mosque, a crusader church, and then a mosque again.
• Even when forbidden to enter the Cave of Machpelah, Jews found ways to pray there.

Migration and attachment. The Jews have a unique relationship with land, marked by both a deep emotional attachment to their homeland and a persistent instinct to migrate. This duality has shaped their history, with a majority of Jews living outside their ancestral land for most of their existence.

2. Abraham: A Founder of Faith and Land

In this first true episode in Jewish history, the ambiguities and the anxieties of the race are strikingly presented.

A pivotal figure. Abraham is presented as the founder of the Jewish people and the initiator of their unique relationship with God. His story, though shrouded in ancient tradition, marks the beginning of a distinct religious and cultural identity.

Purchase of land. The purchase of the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron is a significant event, highlighting the importance of land ownership in Jewish tradition. It also reveals the complex status of Abraham as both a resident and a stranger, a theme that resonates throughout Jewish history.

• Abraham was an alien, a sojourner, yet he sought to own land.
• The transaction involved public consent, bargaining, and the weighing of silver.
• The land "was made sure unto Abraham for a possession."

Proto-monotheism. Abraham's religious beliefs are presented as a move towards monotheism, a rejection of the polytheistic practices of his time. He is seen as a man striving towards a sole, omnipotent God, a concept that would become central to Jewish faith.

• He may have come from a moon-worshipping culture.
• He is described as a henotheist, believing in a sole God for his people.
• He established a covenant with God, a contract of obedience in return for favor.

3. Moses: Lawgiver and Liberator

Moses is the fulcrum-figure in Jewish history, the hinge around which it all turns.

A transformative leader. Moses is portrayed as the central figure in the formation of the Jewish people, a prophet, lawgiver, and liberator who led them out of Egyptian bondage and established their covenant with God. He is a complex figure, both heroic and human, capable of great strength and also of doubt and uncertainty.

The Exodus. The escape from Egypt is a defining moment in Jewish history, a demonstration of God's power and a testament to the people's resilience. It is an event that shaped their identity and instilled in them a sense of purpose and destiny.

• The Exodus was a political, social, and religious act.
• It was a rejection of Egyptian polytheism and a bid for spiritual maturity.
• It was a demonstration of God's might and his covenant with the Israelites.

The Mosaic Law. Moses is presented as the conduit through which God revealed his laws to the Israelites. The Mosaic code, with its emphasis on justice, morality, and the sanctity of human life, became the foundation of Jewish ethics and a model for many subsequent legal systems.

• The code is God-centered, not property-oriented.
• It emphasizes the sanctity of human life and the importance of moral distinctions.
• It includes the Ten Commandments, a summary of right conduct to God and man.

4. The Exodus: A Defining Moment of Redemption

The Exodus gradually replaced the creation itself as the central, determining event in Jewish history.

Divine intervention. The Exodus from Egypt is not just a story of escape but a powerful narrative of divine intervention and redemption. It is an event that convinced the Israelites that God had chosen them and would guide them to their promised land.

The sea of reeds. The miraculous crossing of the sea of reeds is a pivotal moment, symbolizing the Israelites' liberation from slavery and their entry into a new covenant with God. It is a story that has resonated with Jews for generations, providing hope and inspiration in times of adversity.

• The exact location of the crossing is unknown.
• It was seen as a divine redemption, a demonstration of God's might.
• It led to the Israelites becoming a people with a purpose, a program, and a message.

A kingdom of priests. The Exodus narrative emphasizes the Israelites' unique role as a chosen people, a "kingdom of priests, and an holy nation." This concept of election, though often misunderstood, is central to Jewish identity and their sense of responsibility to God and humanity.

• God bore them on eagles' wings and brought them to himself.
• They were to be a peculiar treasure above all people.
• They were to be a kingdom of priests and a holy nation.

5. The Mosaic Code: A Foundation of Law and Ethics

In Mosaic legal theory, all breaches of the law offend God. All crimes are sins, just as all sins are crimes.

God-centered law. The Mosaic code is unique in its emphasis on God's authority and its integration of religious and secular law. It is not merely a set of rules but a comprehensive system of ethics and justice that governs every aspect of life.

Moral imperatives. The code stresses the importance of moral distinctions and the need for individuals to observe them. It emphasizes the sanctity of human life and the need for justice and compassion.

• Offenses are absolute wrongs, beyond the power of man to pardon.
• Restitution to the offended is not enough; God requires expiation.
• The code is more humane than other ancient codes, treating the body with respect.

The Decalogue. The Ten Commandments are the core of the Mosaic code, a summary of right conduct to God and man. They are not merely a set of prohibitions but a positive guide to living a moral and meaningful life.

• They cover relations between God and man, and between men.
• They include the Sabbath, a day of rest and reflection.
• They are the basis of the covenant with God, a contract of obedience in return for favor.

6. From Tribes to Kings: The Evolution of Israel

In those days there was no king in Israel and every man did what was right in his own eyes.

Tribal structure. After the conquest of Canaan, the Israelites organized themselves into a tribal system, with each tribe having its own territory and leadership. This system, though democratic in some ways, was often marked by disunity and conflict.

The need for unity. The threat of the Philistines forced the Israelites to consider a more centralized form of government. The Book of Judges shows the limitations of the tribal system and the need for a strong leader to unite the people.

• The judges were not national rulers but tribal leaders.
• Military coalitions had to be negotiated on an ad hoc basis.
• The Israelites were often divided and fought among themselves.

The rise of kingship. The Israelites, reluctantly, turned to kingship as a means of survival. Saul, the first king, was a charismatic leader but lacked the skills to unite the country. David, his successor, was a more successful ruler, who established a unified kingdom and a national capital in Jerusalem.

• Saul was a guerrilla captain, unpredictable and often mad.
• David was a military leader, a statesman, and a man of deep religious feeling.
• He established Jerusalem as the national and religious capital.

7. The Temple: A Symbol of Unity and Division

The Temple was a humble piece of religious furniture which originally contained the covenant itself.

Solomon's Temple. Solomon, David's son, built a magnificent temple in Jerusalem, a symbol of national unity and religious devotion. But it also became a source of division, as it centralized worship and challenged the authority of the old tribal shrines.

A royal shrine. Solomon's Temple was a grand structure, built with the help of foreign craftsmen and adorned with gold and precious materials. It was a symbol of royal power and a departure from the simplicity of the earlier Israelite religion.

• It was built on the model of Canaanite temples.
• It was a symbol of oriental luxury and new standards of culture.
• It was a focus of religious and political power.

Theocratic democracy. The Israelites, despite their turn to kingship, retained a strong sense of their theocratic democracy. They believed that God was their ultimate ruler and that all men were equal before his law.

• The king was not absolute but accountable to God.
• The state was not absolute but subject to divine law.
• All Israelites were equal before God and his law.

8. Exile and the Birth of Judaism

The period opens and closes with two of the most mesmeric characters in the history of the Jews, Joseph and Moses, archetypes of men whose strengths and achievements were to illuminate Jewish history again and again.

The Babylonian Exile. The destruction of Jerusalem and the exile of the Jewish elite to Babylon was a traumatic event that forced the Israelites to redefine their identity and their relationship with God. It was during this period that Judaism, as we know it, began to take shape.

Ezekiel's vision. The prophet Ezekiel, in exile, had a powerful vision of God's glory and the future redemption of Israel. He emphasized the importance of individual responsibility and the need for religious purity.

• He saw a valley of dry bones come to life, a symbol of Israel's resurrection.
• He stressed the individual's responsibility to God.
• He saw the need for a new covenant based on religious purity.

The rise of the scribes. The exile led to the rise of the scribes, who collected, edited, and codified the Jewish scriptures. They transformed the oral traditions into a written text, which became the foundation of Jewish law and belief.

• They preserved the ancient texts and traditions.
• They organized the laws into 613 commandments.
• They created the basis for a new form of religious and civic life.

9. The Diaspora: A World of Dispersion and Resilience

The religious and ethnic power of perseverance, rather than the political power of expansion and conquest, became the corner-stone of Jewish belief and practice.

A portable faith. The Jews, scattered throughout the world, developed a portable faith that could be practiced anywhere. Their God was not tied to a specific place but was present in their hearts and minds.

Adaptability and tenacity. The diaspora Jews demonstrated an extraordinary ability to adapt to new cultures and environments while maintaining their unique identity. They became skilled traders, craftsmen, and scholars, contributing to the societies in which they lived.

• They put down roots quickly, then pulled them up and re-established them elsewhere.
• They maintained their faith and traditions despite persecution and hardship.
• They developed a great skill in putting down roots quickly, pulling them up and re-establishing them elsewhere.

The synagogue and the law. The synagogue became the central institution of Jewish life in the diaspora, a place of worship, study, and community gathering. The Torah, with its complex system of laws and interpretations, provided a framework for Jewish life and a source of strength and resilience.

• The synagogue became a portable temple.
• The Torah became the core of their belief and practice.
• The Jews became a nomocracy, ruled by a law enforced by consent.

10. The Holocaust: A Cataclysmic Turning Point

The Holocaust and the new Zion were organically connected.

A unique horror. The Holocaust was a systematic attempt by the Nazis to exterminate the Jewish people, a crime of unprecedented scale and brutality. It was a turning point in Jewish history, a moment of unimaginable suffering that forced the Jews to confront their vulnerability and their need for self-determination.

The failure of the world. The Holocaust revealed the failure of the world to protect the Jews, a failure that reinforced their sense of isolation and their need for a safe haven. It also highlighted the dangers of anti-Semitism and the need for Jews to defend themselves.

• The world stood by while six million Jews were murdered.
• The Holocaust became a symbol of Jewish vulnerability and the need for self-defense.
• It was a reminder that Jews could not rely on others for their safety.

A new determination. The Holocaust, despite its horrors, also strengthened the Jewish determination to survive and to create a state of their own. It was a catalyst for the Zionist movement and a powerful reminder of the need for a Jewish homeland.

• It was a call for action, a demand for self-determination.
• It was a reminder of the need for a place where Jews could be safe.
• It was a catalyst for the creation of the state of Israel.

11. Zionism: A Dream of Return and Self-Determination

The Holocaust and the new Zion were organically connected.

A response to persecution. Zionism, the movement for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, was a response to centuries of persecution and a desire for self-determination. It was a dream of return, a longing for a place where Jews could live in peace and security.

A secular movement. Early Zionism was primarily a secular movement, driven by a desire for national liberation and a rejection of the passivity of traditional Judaism. It was a movement that sought to create a new Jewish identity, one that was both modern and rooted in ancient traditions.

• It was a reaction to the failure of assimilation.
• It was a desire for a state where Jews could be masters of their own destiny.
• It was a rejection of the old ways of seeing things.

A complex vision. Zionism was not a monolithic movement. It encompassed a wide range of views, from those who sought a purely secular state to those who envisioned a religious utopia. It was a movement that was both idealistic and pragmatic, driven by both hope and fear.

• It was a movement of both secular and religious Jews.
• It was a movement that sought to create a new Jewish identity.
• It was a movement that was both idealistic and pragmatic.

12. The State of Israel: A Modern Miracle and Ongoing Struggle

In his Antiquities of the Jews, Josephus describes Abraham as…

A new reality. The creation of the state of Israel in 1948 was a momentous event in Jewish history, a fulfillment of a centuries-old dream. It was a testament to the resilience and determination of the Jewish people and a symbol of their hope for a better future.

A complex state. The state of Israel is a complex and often contradictory entity, a blend of ancient traditions and modern aspirations. It is a state that is both democratic and theocratic, both secular and religious, both a refuge for the persecuted and a source of conflict and division.

• It is a state born out of tragedy and hope.
• It is a state that is both modern and ancient.
• It is a state that is both a refuge and a source of conflict.

An ongoing struggle. The creation of Israel did not end the Jewish struggle for survival. The state has faced constant threats from its neighbors and has been forced to defend itself repeatedly. It is a state that is still in the process of defining its identity and its role in the world.

• It is a state that is constantly under threat.
• It is a state that is still in the process of defining itself.
• It is a state that is both a symbol of hope and a source of conflict.

Last updated: January 24, 2025