Being Logical

1. Logic is the backbone of clear thinking and effective communication

Logic is the very backbone of a true education, and yet it is seldom taught as such in American schools.

Foundation of reasoning. Logic provides the framework for analyzing information, drawing valid conclusions, and communicating ideas effectively. It helps us distinguish between sound and unsound arguments, enabling better decision-making in all areas of life.

Practical applications. Logical thinking skills are essential in:

• Academic pursuits
• Professional careers
• Personal relationships
• Evaluating media and political claims
• Solving everyday problems

By developing our capacity for logical reasoning, we become more discerning consumers of information and more persuasive communicators of our own ideas.

2. Establish facts by direct observation or reliable indirect evidence

To determine the reality of a fact that is a thing, all you need do is pay it a visit.

Direct observation. Whenever possible, verify facts through firsthand experience. Use your senses to gather information about the world around you. This forms the most reliable basis for knowledge.

Reliable indirect evidence. When direct observation is not possible:

• Consult trustworthy eyewitnesses
• Examine official documents and records
• Analyze physical evidence
• Consider photographic or video documentation

Be cautious of hearsay, unsubstantiated claims, and biased sources. Always evaluate the credibility and potential motivations of your information sources.

3. Ideas and words must accurately reflect objective reality

Our ideas are clear, and our understanding of them is clear, only to the extent that we keep constant tabs on the things to which they refer: objective facts.

Ideas as mental representations. Our thoughts should correspond as closely as possible to the external world they represent. Regularly check your ideas against observable reality to ensure their accuracy.

Precise language. Choose words that convey your ideas with clarity and specificity. Avoid:

• Vague or ambiguous terms
• Jargon when addressing a general audience
• Emotionally charged language that obscures meaning

Strive for a tight connection between your thoughts, words, and the objective facts they describe. This precision forms the basis for effective communication and sound reasoning.

4. Sound arguments require true premises and valid structures

An argument is sound with respect to its matter if all the statements it is composed of are true.

True premises. The starting points of your argument must be factually correct. Verify all claims before using them as a foundation for further reasoning.

Valid structure. The logical form of your argument must be sound. Common valid structures include:

• Syllogisms
• Modus ponens (If A, then B. A is true. Therefore, B is true.)
• Modus tollens (If A, then B. B is false. Therefore, A is false.)

An argument with true premises and a valid structure guarantees a true conclusion. However, be aware that true conclusions can sometimes arise from faulty reasoning by coincidence.

5. Inductive reasoning forms the basis of scientific inquiry

The whole scientific enterprise rests squarely upon inductive reasoning.

Pattern recognition. Inductive reasoning involves observing specific instances to form general principles. Scientists use this approach to:

• Formulate hypotheses
• Design experiments
• Analyze data
• Develop theories

Probabilistic conclusions. Unlike deductive reasoning, inductive arguments lead to probable rather than certain conclusions. The strength of an inductive argument depends on:

• The number of observations
• The representativeness of the sample
• The absence of contradictory evidence

While not providing absolute certainty, strong inductive reasoning allows us to make reliable predictions and advance our understanding of the world.

6. Avoid common fallacies that lead to illogical conclusions

Fallacious reasoning can often be very persuasive, sometimes more so than sound reasoning. Therein lies its great danger.

Formal fallacies. These errors arise from flaws in the structure of an argument:

• Affirming the consequent
• Denying the antecedent
• Undistributed middle term

Informal fallacies. These mistakes involve the content of arguments:

• Ad hominem attacks
• Begging the question
• False dichotomy
• Slippery slope

Familiarize yourself with common fallacies to recognize them in others' arguments and avoid them in your own reasoning. Be especially wary of emotionally appealing fallacies that bypass critical thinking.

7. Skepticism and emotion can both help and hinder logical thinking

There is a place for skepticism in sound reasoning, but it should be selectively employed.

Balanced skepticism. Maintain a healthy doubt towards extraordinary claims while remaining open to new evidence. Avoid:

• Extreme skepticism that rejects all knowledge
• Naive acceptance of every claim

Emotional awareness. Recognize the role emotions play in your thinking:

• Use emotions as valuable sources of information
• Be cautious of strong emotions clouding judgment
• Strive for objectivity in evaluating arguments

Cultivate the ability to engage both your rational and emotional faculties, knowing when to rely on each for optimal decision-making.

8. Expert opinions should be evaluated, not blindly accepted

The test here is not what people say about what they know, but how they show what they know through argument.

Expertise criteria. When considering expert opinions, evaluate:

• Relevant qualifications and experience
• Track record of accurate predictions or insights
• Ability to explain reasoning clearly
• Potential conflicts of interest

Beyond appeals to authority. Don't simply accept claims because an expert states them. Look for:

• Supporting evidence
• Sound argumentation
• Consensus among multiple experts in the field

Remember that even genuine experts can be wrong or biased. Always maintain a degree of critical thinking when evaluating any claim, regardless of its source.

9. Tradition and popular opinion are not sufficient justification

The mere fact that "things have always been done that way" is not in and of itself a compelling reason for keeping on doing them that way.

Evaluate practices on merit. Assess traditional approaches based on their current effectiveness, not their longevity. Consider:

• Changing circumstances
• New information or technologies
• Ethical implications

Question majority views. Popular opinion can be wrong. Analyze claims independently:

• Look for supporting evidence
• Consider alternative perspectives
• Be willing to hold unpopular positions if well-reasoned

While tradition and consensus can offer valuable insights, they should not be the sole basis for decision-making. Strive for a balanced approach that respects history while remaining open to positive change.

10. Focus on addressing arguments, not attacking people

In argumentation we respond to the argument, not to the person behind the argument.

Separate ideas from individuals. Evaluate arguments based on their logical merit, not the character or background of the person presenting them. Avoid:

• Ad hominem attacks
• Genetic fallacies (dismissing ideas based on their origin)
• Poisoning the well (pre-emptively discrediting a source)

Constructive dialogue. When engaging in debate or discussion:

• Steelman opposing arguments (present them in their strongest form)
• Seek common ground where possible
• Acknowledge valid points made by others

By focusing on ideas rather than personalities, we create an environment conducive to productive intellectual exchange and the pursuit of truth.

Last updated: January 25, 2025