Church History in Plain Language

1. The French Revolution challenged traditional Catholic power.

The Church of Rome was so much a part of the old order that the revolutionaries made it a special object of their rage.

Revolutionary upheaval. The French Revolution, with its emphasis on liberty, equality, and fraternity, directly challenged the established power and privileges of the Roman Catholic Church. The revolutionaries saw the Church as an integral part of the oppressive old regime, leading to the confiscation of church lands, the suppression of religious orders, and the persecution of clergy.

Cult of Reason. The revolution sought to replace Christianity with a new civic religion centered on reason and humanism. Parish churches were converted into temples of reason, and traditional Christian symbols were replaced with secular ones. This radical shift reflected a deep-seated rejection of the Church's authority and its perceived role in maintaining social inequality.

Enduring impact. While Napoleon later restored a degree of order and recognized the Catholic Church, the revolution permanently altered the relationship between church and state in France and across Europe. The Church lost its privileged status and faced the rise of secularism, forcing it to adapt to a new world where its authority was no longer guaranteed.

2. Voluntary societies and revivals shaped a new American Christianity.

The denominations were free to define their own faith and practices. But what about Christian responsibility for public life and morals? That is where the voluntary society came in.

New avenues for influence. In the United States, the separation of church and state, enshrined in the First Amendment, created a unique environment for religious expression. Without the support of the government, Christians turned to voluntary societies to address social issues and spread the gospel.

Evangelical activism. These societies, often interdenominational, focused on a range of causes, including temperance, abolition, education, and foreign missions. They provided a platform for lay leadership and allowed Christians to exert influence on public opinion and policy without direct government involvement.

The Great Awakening. The revivals, characterized by passionate preaching and personal conversion experiences, played a crucial role in shaping American Christianity. They emphasized individual faith and moral responsibility, contributing to the growth of evangelical denominations and fueling social reform movements.

3. Darwinism and biblical criticism tested traditional faith.

The scientists whose name became synonymous with evolution is Charles Darwin . . . In 1859 Darwin’s views appeared in his Origin of Species.

Scientific challenges. The rise of modern science, particularly Darwin's theory of evolution, presented a significant challenge to traditional Christian beliefs about creation and the nature of humanity. Biblical criticism, which applied historical and literary methods to the study of Scripture, further questioned the Bible's inerrancy and historical accuracy.

Liberal responses. Protestant liberals sought to reconcile faith and science by reinterpreting traditional doctrines in light of modern knowledge. They embraced the concept of evolution as a process through which God revealed himself and emphasized the ethical teachings of Jesus over supernatural claims.

Conservative reactions. Other Christians resisted these changes, viewing them as a threat to the authority of Scripture and the foundations of the Christian faith. This led to the rise of fundamentalism, a movement that emphasized the literal interpretation of the Bible and opposed modern theological trends.

4. The Social Gospel sought to address industrial-age inequities.

The Social Gospel movement was a movement among liberal Protestant pastors and theological professors.

Urban challenges. The rapid industrialization and urbanization of the 19th century created significant social problems, including poverty, inequality, and exploitation of workers. Many Christians felt compelled to address these issues in light of their faith.

Social Gospel principles. The Social Gospel movement, led by figures like Walter Rauschenbusch, sought to apply Christian principles to social problems. It emphasized the kingdom of God as a present reality, calling for social justice, economic equality, and improved living conditions for the poor.

Practical action. Social Gospelers worked to reform labor laws, improve housing, and address issues of poverty and inequality. They challenged the laissez-faire economic philosophy and advocated for government intervention to protect the vulnerable.

5. The twentieth century saw the rise of secular ideologies.

The twentieth century marked the displacement of the great world religions by three post-Christian ideologies: nationalism, Communism, and individualism.

Competing worldviews. The 20th century witnessed the rise of powerful secular ideologies, including nationalism, communism, and individualism, which challenged the dominance of Christianity in Western culture. These ideologies offered alternative explanations for the meaning of life and the organization of society.

Totalitarian regimes. Totalitarian governments, such as Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, actively suppressed religious expression and sought to replace traditional faith with secular ideologies. This led to persecution of Christians and the destruction of religious institutions.

Christian responses. Christians responded to these challenges in various ways, ranging from resistance and activism to accommodation and withdrawal. Some sought to integrate Christian faith with secular ideologies, while others emphasized the importance of maintaining a distinct Christian identity.

6. The Ecumenical Movement sought Christian unity amidst division.

The World Council of Churches is a fellowship of churches which confess the Lord Jesus Christ as God and Saviour according to the Holy Scriptures and therefore seek to fulfill together their common calling to the glory of one God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit.

Bridging divides. The Ecumenical Movement emerged as an effort to overcome the divisions within Christianity and promote cooperation among different denominations. It sought to find common ground in core beliefs and to address shared challenges.

Key organizations. The World Council of Churches (WCC), founded in 1948, became a central platform for ecumenical dialogue and action. It brought together diverse Christian traditions to work on issues of peace, justice, and development.

Challenges and criticisms. The Ecumenical Movement faced criticism from both conservative evangelicals, who questioned its theological liberalism, and from those who felt it compromised on core doctrines in the pursuit of unity. Despite these challenges, it played a significant role in fostering understanding and cooperation among Christians worldwide.

7. Vatican II modernized the Catholic Church.

Vatican Council II was a spectacle. The four-hour opening ceremony gave every appearance of the inauguration of a new era for the church.

A call for renewal. Vatican II (1962-1965) was a landmark event in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. Called by Pope John XXIII, it aimed to modernize the Church and make it more relevant to the contemporary world.

Key reforms. The council introduced significant changes, including the use of vernacular languages in the liturgy, greater emphasis on the role of laypeople, and a more ecumenical approach to other Christian traditions. It also affirmed the importance of religious freedom and the rights of conscience.

Impact and controversy. Vatican II had a profound impact on the Catholic Church, leading to greater openness and engagement with the world. However, it also sparked controversy and division, with some Catholics resisting the changes and others calling for even more radical reforms.

8. New technologies and global shifts redefine Christian ministry.

Church historians often ask, “Is the church a movement or an institution?”

Adapting to change. The rapid pace of technological change and globalization presented new challenges and opportunities for Christian ministry. Churches had to adapt to new forms of communication, such as radio, television, and the internet, to reach wider audiences.

Global interconnectedness. The rise of globalization also led to increased interaction between Christians from different cultures and backgrounds. This fostered a greater awareness of global issues and a renewed emphasis on cross-cultural missions and partnerships.

Ethical considerations. New technologies also raised ethical questions for Christians, such as the use of artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, and social media. Churches had to grapple with these issues and provide moral guidance to their members.

9. More Peoples, More Tongues: Emergence of the Global South.

The story is an apt metaphor for considering the history of Christianity in Asia and Africa generally, especially as the faith is growing at an astronomical rate in the non-Western world today.

Shifting demographics. The twentieth century witnessed a dramatic shift in the demographics of Christianity, with the center of gravity moving from the West to the Global South (Africa, Asia, and Latin America). This was due to a combination of factors, including missionary activity, indigenous leadership, and the resilience of local churches.

Unique expressions of faith. Christianity in the Global South often takes on unique cultural expressions, blending traditional beliefs and practices with Christian teachings. This has led to the emergence of new forms of worship, music, and art that reflect the diversity of the Christian faith.

Challenges and opportunities. The growth of Christianity in the Global South presents both challenges and opportunities for the global church. It requires a greater understanding of cultural contexts, a commitment to partnership and collaboration, and a willingness to learn from the experiences of Christians in different parts of the world.

Last updated: April 24, 2025