Key Takeaways
1. The Word of God: More Than Just Written Text
Systematic theology is any study that answers the question, “What does the whole Bible teach us today?” about any given topic.
Diverse forms. The "Word of God" encompasses more than just the Bible. It includes Jesus Christ himself, God's powerful decrees, personal addresses, and speech through human lips. Each form carries divine authority, but the written Word holds a unique position for study and understanding.
- Jesus Christ: Referred to as "The Word of God" (Revelation 19:13), emphasizing His role as the ultimate communicator of God's character.
- Divine Decrees: Powerful pronouncements that bring creation and events into being (Genesis 1:3).
- Personal Address: Direct communication from God to individuals (Exodus 20:1-3).
- Human Speech: God's message delivered through prophets (Deuteronomy 18:18-20).
Written Word's Focus. While all forms are significant, systematic theology primarily focuses on the written Word (the Bible) due to its accessibility, reliability, and permanence. It serves as the foundation for understanding God's will and character.
Application to Life. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of God's Word enriches our understanding and deepens our appreciation for His communication with humanity. It encourages us to seek God in various ways, not limiting ourselves to a single form of revelation.
2. Systematic Theology: A Biblical Approach
Systematic theology is any study that answers the question, “What does the whole Bible teach us today?” about any given topic.
Comprehensive Understanding. Systematic theology aims to synthesize all relevant biblical passages on a particular subject, providing a comprehensive understanding of what the Bible teaches. It differs from historical, philosophical, and biblical theology by focusing on summarizing the entire Bible's teaching for present-day Christians.
- Historical Theology: Examines how Christians throughout history have understood theological topics.
- Philosophical Theology: Explores theological topics using philosophical reasoning.
- Biblical Theology: Traces the historical development of doctrines within the Bible.
Practical Application. Systematic theology is not merely an academic exercise but a practical tool for applying biblical teachings to daily life. It helps Christians overcome wrong ideas, make better decisions, and grow in maturity.
Organized Study. Systematic theology provides a structured approach to studying the Bible, ensuring that all important topics receive thorough consideration. This organization helps to ensure balanced consideration of complementary doctrines.
3. The Bible's Authority: God's Own Words
The authority of Scripture means that all the words in Scripture are God’s words in such a way that to disbelieve or disobey any word of Scripture is to disbelieve or disobey God.
Divine Authorship. The Bible claims that its words are God's words, spoken through human authors. This divine authorship gives Scripture its unique authority and truthfulness.
Absolute Standard. The Bible functions as the ultimate standard of truth, against which all other claims and ideas must be measured. It is the only infallible guide for belief and conduct.
Practical Implications. Accepting the Bible's authority leads to a willingness to abandon any idea that contradicts its teachings. It also fosters a deep reverence for Scripture and a desire to obey its commands.
Skepticism Rejection. Skepticism regarding theological truth is rejected by evangelicals who see Scripture as the product of human and divine authorship, and therefore as a collection of writings that teach noncontradictory truths about God and about the universe he created.
4. The Bible's Clarity: Accessible Truth
I do not believe that God intended the study of theology to result in confusion and frustration.
Understandable Teachings. God intended the doctrinal teachings of the Bible to be understandable to all Christians, not just theologians. The Bible is written in a way that its central message is clear and accessible.
Spiritual Discernment. While the Bible is clear, spiritual discernment is necessary to understand its teachings rightly. Prayer, humility, and a willingness to abandon wrong ideas are essential for grasping biblical truth.
Overcoming Wrong Ideas. Studying systematic theology helps us overcome our wrong ideas by confronting us with the total weight of Scripture on a particular subject. This allows us to be persuaded even against our initial wrongful inclinations.
Limits of Reasoning. We are free to use our reasoning abilities to draw deductions from any passage of Scripture so long as these deductions do not contradict the clear teaching of some other passage of Scripture.
5. The Bible's Necessity: Essential Guidance
For it is no trifle for you, but it is your life and thereby you shall live long in the land which you are going over the Jordan to possess.
Life-Giving Words. The Bible is essential for spiritual life and growth. It provides the knowledge of the gospel, the nourishment for our souls, and the guidance for living a life pleasing to God.
Beyond General Revelation. While general revelation reveals God's existence and some aspects of His character, it is insufficient for salvation. Specific knowledge of God's words of promise is necessary for saving faith.
Obedience and Trust. The Bible enables us to trust God more fully and obey Him more readily. It provides the foundation for making sound decisions and living a life that honors Him.
Finite Memory. The necessity of systematic theology for teaching what the Bible says comes about primarily because we are finite in our memory and in the amount of time at our disposal.
6. The Bible's Sufficiency: Complete Revelation
The task of teaching all that Jesus commanded us is, in a broad sense, the task of teaching what the whole Bible says to us today.
No Additional Revelation. The Bible contains all the words of God that we need for salvation, trusting Him perfectly, and obeying Him perfectly. No additional revelations or sources of authority are necessary.
Avoiding Doctrinal Fragmentation. The choice of topics need not be restricted to the main concerns of the biblical authors, for our goal is to find out what God requires of us in all areas of concern to us today.
Normative Authority. It is Scripture alone, not “conservative evangelical tradition” or any other human authority, that must function as the normative authority for the definition of what we should believe.
Safeguard Against Error. Reading related sections in several systematic theology books provides a useful check against error and oversight, and often makes one aware of alternative perspectives and arguments that may cause us to modify or strengthen our position.
7. God's Existence: Evident and Assured
For what can be known about God is plain to them because God has shown it to them.
Inner Sense of God. All people possess an innate awareness of God's existence, their dependence on Him, and His role as Creator. This inner sense is often suppressed due to sin.
Evidence in Creation. The natural world provides abundant evidence of God's power, wisdom, and character. From the vastness of the heavens to the intricacies of living organisms, creation testifies to its Creator.
Faithful God. We base our confidence in the correctness of our present canon on the faithfulness of God.
Skeptical Viewpoint. This skeptical viewpoint must be rejected by evangelicals who see Scripture as the product of human and divine authorship, and therefore as a collection of writings that teach noncontradictory truths about God and about the universe he created.
8. Knowing God: A Finite Yet True Pursuit
The more we know about God, about his Word, about his relationships to the world and mankind, the better we will trust him, the more fully we will praise him, and the more readily we will obey him.
Limited Understanding. Due to our finite nature, we can never fully comprehend God or any single aspect of His being. His thoughts and ways are higher than ours.
Genuine Knowledge. Despite our limitations, we can still attain true knowledge of God through Scripture. The Bible provides accurate and reliable insights into His character and will.
Continuous Growth. The pursuit of knowing God is a lifelong journey. We should continually seek to learn more about Him, trusting that He will reveal Himself to those who diligently seek Him.
Skeptical Viewpoint. This skeptical viewpoint must be rejected by evangelicals who see Scripture as the product of human and divine authorship, and therefore as a collection of writings that teach noncontradictory truths about God and about the universe he created.
9. God's Incommunicable Attributes: Defining the Divine
In God’s own mind, and in the nature of reality itself, true facts and ideas are all consistent with one another.
Unique Characteristics. Incommunicable attributes are those that God does not share with humanity, such as eternity, unchangeableness, and omnipresence. These attributes highlight God's distinct nature as the Creator.
Limited Reflection. While we cannot fully possess these attributes, we can see faint reflections of them in our own lives. For example, our ability to make long-term plans reflects God's eternal purposes.
Skepticism Rejection. This skeptical viewpoint must be rejected by evangelicals who see Scripture as the product of human and divine authorship, and therefore as a collection of writings that teach noncontradictory truths about God and about the universe he created.
Consistency. In God’s own mind, and in the nature of reality itself, true facts and ideas are all consistent with one another.
10. God's Communicable Attributes: Reflections in Humanity
I think that almost everyone who knew me was praying for this project at some time or other—especially my student advisees over several years at Trinity, and many friends in my church.
Shared Qualities. Communicable attributes are those that God shares with humanity, such as love, wisdom, justice, and mercy. These attributes enable us to relate to God and reflect His character in our lives.
Imperfect Imitation. While we can imitate God's communicable attributes, our expression of them will always be limited and imperfect. We strive to grow in these qualities, knowing that we will never fully attain them in this life.
Humility and Love. Systematic theology rightly studied will not lead to the knowledge that “puffs up” but to humility and love for others.
Personal Devotional Lives. Students of systematic theology should resolve at the beginning to keep their lives free from any disobedience to God or any known sin that would disrupt their relationship with him.
11. Creation: God's Purposeful Act
By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and all their host by the breath of his mouth.
Divine Origin. God created the entire universe out of nothing, demonstrating His power and sovereignty. This act of creation was not accidental but purposeful, intended to glorify Himself.
Inherent Goodness. The universe that God created was originally "very good," reflecting His perfect character and design. This goodness extends to the material realm, which is not inherently evil but a source of blessing and enjoyment.
Rebellious Ideas. The study of systematic theology is of help in overcoming those rebellious ideas.
Theological Jigsaw Puzzle. In this book the goal is to enable Christians to put into their “theological jigsaw puzzle” as many pieces with as much accuracy as possible, and to encourage Christians to go on putting in more and more correct pieces for the rest of their lives.
12. The Trinity: Unity in Divine Persons
The name by which he is called is The Word of God.
Three-in-One. God eternally exists as three distinct persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Each person is fully God, yet there is only one God.
Distinct Roles. While equal in deity, the members of the Trinity have distinct roles in creation and redemption. The Father plans, the Son executes, and the Holy Spirit applies.
Internal Consistency. Internal consistency, then, is an argument for, not against, any individual results of systematic theology.
Theological Jigsaw Puzzle. In this book the goal is to enable Christians to put into their “theological jigsaw puzzle” as many pieces with as much accuracy as possible, and to encourage Christians to go on putting in more and more correct pieces for the rest of their lives.
Review Summary
Systematic Theology by Wayne Grudem is a comprehensive and accessible introduction to Christian doctrine. Readers praise its clarity, organization, and devotional aspects, while acknowledging its Reformed perspective. Critics argue it lacks historical depth and nuance. Many find it a valuable reference, though some disagree with specific theological positions. The book's influence on contemporary evangelicalism is significant, with both supporters and detractors recognizing its impact on theological education and popular understanding of Christian beliefs.
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FAQ
What is Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine by Wayne Grudem about?
- Comprehensive overview: The book systematically explores the major doctrines of the Christian faith, aiming to answer, “What does the whole Bible teach us today?” on each topic.
- Biblical foundation: Grudem grounds every doctrine in Scripture, providing extensive biblical references and emphasizing the authority, clarity, necessity, and sufficiency of the Bible.
- Practical application: Each chapter includes questions for personal reflection, connecting theology to daily Christian living and spiritual growth.
- Wide-ranging topics: Subjects covered include the nature of God, the Trinity, creation, salvation, the church, spiritual gifts, the end times, and more.
Why should I read Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine by Wayne Grudem?
- Accessible and clear: Grudem writes in a style that is both scholarly and readable, making complex theological concepts understandable for students, pastors, and laypeople.
- Biblically grounded: The book offers a thorough biblical basis for Christian doctrines, helping readers defend their faith and understand Scripture more deeply.
- Addresses contemporary issues: It tackles modern theological debates and challenges, such as the nature of hell, the Trinity, and the new creation, providing clarity and guidance.
- Personal growth focus: Application questions and practical advice encourage readers to reflect on how doctrine shapes their faith, behavior, and relationships.
What is Wayne Grudem’s definition of systematic theology in Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine?
- Definition: Systematic theology is any study that answers the question, “What does the whole Bible teach us today?” about any given topic.
- Scripture-centered: It involves collecting and understanding all relevant Bible passages on a topic and summarizing their teachings clearly.
- Distinct from other disciplines: Unlike historical or philosophical theology, systematic theology focuses directly on what the Bible itself says.
- Practical orientation: Grudem emphasizes that theology should lead to spiritual growth, worship, and application in daily life.
What are the key teachings about the authority, inerrancy, and sufficiency of Scripture in Grudem’s Systematic Theology?
- Scripture’s authority: The Bible is God’s authoritative Word; to disbelieve or disobey any part is to disbelieve or disobey God.
- Inerrancy: Scripture in its original manuscripts is without error in all it affirms, including matters of history and science.
- Clarity and sufficiency: The Bible is clear enough for all to understand essential truths for salvation and godly living, and it provides all knowledge necessary for faith and obedience.
- Practical implications: Believers can rely on Scripture alone for guidance, assurance, and answers to doctrinal and ethical questions.
How does Wayne Grudem explain the doctrine of the Trinity in Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine?
- One God in three persons: God eternally exists as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—three distinct persons, each fully God, yet only one God.
- Biblical evidence: Both Old and New Testaments reveal the triune nature of God, with explicit teaching in passages like Matthew 28:19 and John 1:1.
- Unity and distinction: The persons differ in relationship and role but share the same divine essence without division or hierarchy in being.
- Practical significance: Understanding the Trinity deepens worship, models unity and diversity, and shapes Christian community and relationships.
What are the main attributes of God discussed in Grudem’s Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine?
- Incommunicable attributes: These are qualities God does not share fully with creatures, such as independence, unchangeableness, eternity, omnipresence, and unity.
- Communicable attributes: These are qualities God shares to some degree with humans, including knowledge, wisdom, love, holiness, righteousness, and truthfulness.
- God’s will and omnipotence: God’s will is sovereign and free; He is all-powerful to do all His holy will, but cannot act contrary to His nature.
- Practical application: Believers are called to imitate God’s communicable attributes in daily life, fostering spiritual growth and godliness.
How does Wayne Grudem address the relationship between creation, evolution, and science in Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine?
- No final conflict principle: Grudem asserts that when all facts and Scripture are rightly understood, there will be no final conflict between Scripture and natural science.
- Views on creation: He discusses various interpretations of Genesis, critiques Darwinian evolution, and affirms the special creation of Adam and Eve.
- Age of the earth: Both old earth and young earth views are presented as possible, with humility and cooperation encouraged among Christians.
- Integration with science: The book highlights the historical harmony between faith and science, urging careful biblical exegesis and scientific investigation.
What is the doctrine of providence in Grudem’s Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine?
- Definition: Providence is God’s continual involvement with all created things, sustaining, cooperating with, and governing them to fulfill His purposes.
- Three aspects: Preservation (keeping all things existing), concurrence (working through created things’ properties), and government (directing all events).
- Human responsibility: God’s sovereignty and human freedom coexist; humans make real choices and are responsible for their actions.
- Theological perspectives: The book contrasts Reformed (Calvinist) and Arminian views, favoring the Reformed understanding of comprehensive divine sovereignty.
How does Wayne Grudem define and explain salvation, including election, justification, and sanctification, in Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine?
- Election: God’s sovereign choice before creation to save some people, not based on foreseen merit but on His good pleasure.
- Justification: An instantaneous legal act where God declares believers righteous, imputing Christ’s righteousness to them, received by faith alone.
- Sanctification: A progressive work of God and man making believers more free from sin and like Christ, beginning at regeneration and completed at glorification.
- Adoption and assurance: Believers are adopted as God’s children, enjoy assurance of salvation, and are called to persevere in faith and holiness.
What does Grudem’s Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine teach about the church, its government, and ordinances?
- Nature of the church: The church is the community of all true believers (invisible church) and local assemblies (visible church), marked by right preaching and sacraments.
- Church government: Grudem explains episcopalian, presbyterian, and congregational forms, emphasizing the biblical role of elders and deacons.
- Ordinances: Baptism (by immersion, for believers) and the Lord’s Supper (symbolic of Christ’s death, spiritually nourishing) are the two ordinances commanded by Christ.
- Means of grace: The church is the context for spiritual growth through preaching, worship, fellowship, discipline, and the exercise of spiritual gifts.
How does Wayne Grudem address spiritual gifts, prophecy, and the Holy Spirit’s work in Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine?
- Variety and purpose: Spiritual gifts are diverse abilities given by the Holy Spirit for building up the church, not necessarily signs of maturity.
- Miraculous and non-miraculous gifts: All gifts are Spirit-empowered; some, like prophecy and tongues, are considered miraculous, while others are not.
- Continuation or cessation: Grudem argues that gifts continue until Christ’s return, with prophecy in the New Testament being fallible and subject to testing.
- Holy Spirit’s role: The Spirit empowers, sanctifies, unifies, and guides believers, with ongoing experiences of being filled and empowered for ministry.
What are the key teachings about the end times, final judgment, heaven, and hell in Grudem’s Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine?
- Return of Christ: All major evangelical views affirm Christ’s personal, visible return, though they differ on the timing and nature of the millennium and tribulation.
- Final judgment: All people will stand before Christ to receive rewards or punishment based on their deeds; God’s judgment will be impartial and just.
- Heaven and new creation: Believers will live eternally with God in a renewed physical creation, with resurrection bodies and joyful fellowship.
- Hell: Grudem affirms hell as a place of eternal conscious punishment for the wicked, emphasizing God’s justice and holiness.
What are the best quotes from Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine by Wayne Grudem and what do they mean?
- “Systematic theology is any study that answers the question, ‘What does the whole Bible teach us today?’ about any given topic.” This highlights the book’s method of drawing together all of Scripture to answer doctrinal questions.
- “To disbelieve or disobey any word of Scripture is to disbelieve or disobey God.” This underscores the authority and seriousness with which Grudem approaches the Bible.
- “The church is the community of all true believers for all time.” This quote emphasizes the unity and continuity of the church across history and geography.
- “Justification is an instantaneous legal act of God in which he thinks of our sins as forgiven and Christ’s righteousness as belonging to us.” This succinctly summarizes the heart of the gospel as presented in the book.
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