Glass House

1. Lancaster, Ohio: From All-American Town to Economic Decline

"Lancaster was not paradise. It had vices and scandals like any other small town. People drank hard—all those taverns weren't there for nothing."

From prosperity to decline. Lancaster, Ohio, once epitomized the American Dream, with thriving industries, strong community ties, and a sense of shared purpose. The town's largest employer, Anchor Hocking, a glass manufacturing company, provided stable jobs and fueled the local economy for decades. However, by the early 2000s, Lancaster began to experience a dramatic decline:

• Loss of manufacturing jobs
• Increased poverty rates
• Rise in drug addiction and crime
• Erosion of community institutions

Changing economic landscape. The town's transformation reflects broader changes in the American economy, including:

• Globalization and outsourcing of manufacturing
• Shift towards a service-based economy
• Technological advancements displacing traditional jobs
• Corporate consolidation and prioritization of shareholder value over community well-being

2. The Impact of Corporate Takeovers on Anchor Hocking and Lancaster

"Lancaster had already lost jobs that year. The heirs of the longtime owners of Drew Shoe sold the company in 1997 to BCAM, an outfit trying to commercialize ergonomic pump bladders like the ones once built into athletic shoes."

Corporate raiders and private equity. Anchor Hocking, once a symbol of Lancaster's prosperity, became a target for corporate takeovers and private equity firms. These changes had far-reaching consequences:

• Loss of local control and decision-making
• Prioritization of short-term profits over long-term stability
• Reduction in workforce and benefits
• Erosion of company loyalty to the community

Ripple effects on the community. The decline of Anchor Hocking and other local industries led to:

• Increased unemployment and underemployment
• Reduced tax base for public services
• Exodus of skilled workers and younger generations
• Loss of community pride and identity

3. Private Equity's Role in Dismantling Local Industry

"Monomoy hoped to make a company somebody wanted to buy before that five-and-a-half-year deadline by giving EveryWare a compelling story."

Short-term profit over long-term sustainability. Private equity firms, such as Monomoy Capital Partners, acquired companies like Anchor Hocking with the primary goal of maximizing returns for investors. This approach often involved:

• Leveraged buyouts that saddled companies with debt
• Cost-cutting measures that neglected necessary investments
• Asset stripping and selling off profitable divisions
• Frequent leadership changes and lack of strategic continuity

The human cost of financial engineering. The private equity playbook had severe consequences for workers and communities:

• Job losses and reduced wages
• Elimination of pension plans and benefits
• Increased workplace safety risks due to reduced maintenance
• Loss of institutional knowledge and skilled workforce

4. The Opioid Crisis and Its Grip on a Struggling Community

"Mark Kraft stood up in the courtroom gallery to address Judge Trimmer. His hoodie slumped off one shoulder. His jeans were loose, his T-shirt untucked. None of that mattered. He was too drained from weeping and worry."

A town gripped by addiction. As economic opportunities dwindled, Lancaster experienced a surge in drug addiction, particularly opioids:

• Widespread availability of prescription painkillers
• Transition from prescription drugs to heroin and fentanyl
• Overwhelmed law enforcement and social services
• Generational cycles of addiction and poverty

The human face of the crisis. The opioid epidemic affected individuals from all walks of life:

• Young people with limited job prospects turning to drugs
• Former factory workers seeking relief from physical and emotional pain
• Families torn apart by addiction and incarceration
• Strain on local resources, including healthcare and criminal justice systems

5. The Erosion of Social Fabric and Community Ties

"The absence of the critical mass of sophisticated leaders and their spouses that Lancaster once enjoyed left local politics to well-meaning but amateurish dogmatists."

Loss of community institutions. Lancaster's decline was marked by the weakening of traditional social structures:

• Closure of local businesses and gathering places
• Reduced participation in civic organizations and clubs
• Decline in church attendance and religious influence
• Fragmentation of neighborhoods and social networks

Changing demographics and values. The town's social landscape shifted due to:

• Outmigration of young, educated residents
• Influx of lower-income residents seeking affordable housing
• Growing divide between long-time residents and newcomers
• Erosion of shared cultural experiences and traditions

6. The Failure of Political Leadership and Economic Policies

"Lancaster's state and federal representatives, both Republican and Democrat, had been mostly absent during the shutdown, leaving workers feeling abandoned."

Inadequate response to economic challenges. Local and national political leaders struggled to address the root causes of Lancaster's decline:

• Focus on short-term solutions rather than long-term economic development
• Reliance on tax incentives and subsidies to attract businesses
• Failure to invest in education and workforce development
• Lack of comprehensive strategies to combat the opioid crisis

Ideological divisions and policy paralysis. Political polarization hindered effective governance:

• Partisan gridlock at local and state levels
• Conflicting views on the role of government in economic intervention
• Disconnect between policymakers and the realities of working-class communities
• Influence of corporate interests on political decision-making

7. Resilience and Adaptation in the Face of Change

"Benson missed Anchor's presence, and Lancaster Glass's presence, and all the others, but he'd adjusted. 'We lost a lot of industry in this town,' he said. 'But we didn't lose the fair.'"

Pockets of hope and resilience. Despite the challenges, Lancaster residents found ways to adapt and persevere:

• Grassroots efforts to address community needs
• Preservation of cultural traditions like the county fair
• Emergence of new small businesses and entrepreneurship
• Community-led initiatives to combat addiction and support recovery

Reimagining Lancaster's future. Some residents and leaders sought to chart a new course for the town:

• Efforts to diversify the local economy
• Investment in education and workforce training programs
• Revitalization of downtown areas and historic preservation
• Leveraging local assets, such as tourism and outdoor recreation

8. The Widening Gap Between Corporate Interests and Community Well-being

"Solomon had a powerful self-interest, of course: his share of the company. He and the others weren't sticking around a crippled, old-time outfit located in a small, declining town for just a few hundred thousand dollars at the end of the road. They hoped for millions."

Divergent priorities. The interests of corporate leadership and private equity firms often conflicted with those of workers and the community:

• Focus on shareholder value over stakeholder well-being
• Short-term financial metrics driving decision-making
• Disconnect between executive compensation and worker wages
• Lack of accountability for community impacts

The human cost of corporate decisions. Lancaster residents bore the brunt of corporate strategies:

• Job insecurity and wage stagnation
• Loss of benefits and retirement security
• Environmental and health impacts of industrial neglect
• Psychological toll of economic uncertainty

9. The Struggle for Identity in a Changing Economy

"Brian was moving, but not far. He'd begun packing up a few things in the studio to transport them out to Colfax, a country crossroads east of Lancaster on Route 22."

Redefining individual and community identity. As traditional sources of identity and pride eroded, Lancaster residents grappled with:

• Loss of connection to industrial heritage
• Changing notions of work and career success
• Tension between nostalgia for the past and the need to adapt
• Search for new sources of meaning and purpose

Generational divides. Different age groups experienced Lancaster's transformation differently:

• Older generations mourning the loss of a familiar way of life
• Middle-aged workers struggling to retrain and find new opportunities
• Young people torn between leaving for better prospects and staying to support their community
• Conflicts over values, politics, and visions for the future

10. The Lasting Impact of Globalization on Small-Town America

"The American economy had come a long way from the days when I. J. Collins could lasso some people he knew to kick in a few thousand dollars each and start the Hocking Glass Company."

The global economy's local effects. Lancaster's story reflects broader trends in small-town America:

• Vulnerability to international economic forces
• Challenges of competing in a global marketplace
• Loss of economic autonomy and local decision-making power
• Cultural shifts brought on by technological change and interconnectedness

Lessons for the future. Lancaster's experience offers insights for other communities facing similar challenges:

• The need for diversified local economies
• Importance of investing in education and workforce development
• Value of preserving social capital and community institutions
• Potential for innovative, place-based economic development strategies

Last updated: January 25, 2025