Hackers & Painters

1. Nerds are Unpopular Due to Conflicting Priorities

The main reason nerds are unpopular is that they have other things to think about.

Conflicting desires. Nerds, often intelligent and driven, face a fundamental conflict: they want to be popular, but they want even more to be smart and create great things. This prioritization of intellectual pursuits over social conformity leads to their unpopularity in environments like American secondary schools, where social status is paramount.

The popularity game. Unlike nerds, popular kids dedicate significant time and effort to mastering the complex social dynamics of school. They learn to conform, please, and form alliances, often unconsciously. This constant effort leaves little room for other interests, while nerds, focused on books, nature, or technology, are seen as outsiders.

A warped world. The social world of middle and high school is often a crude and cruel one, where popularity is a zero-sum game. Nerds, at the bottom of this hierarchy, become easy targets for persecution, not because they are disliked, but because they serve as a common enemy that bonds other groups together. This creates a stressful and often miserable experience for smart kids.

2. Hackers and Painters: Makers of Beauty

What hackers and painters have in common is that they’re both makers.

Shared creative spirit. Hackers and painters, despite their seemingly different domains, are both driven by a desire to create beautiful and functional things. They are not merely engineers or scientists, but makers who use their respective mediums—code and paint—to express ideas and solve problems.

Beyond computer science. The term "computer science" is misleading, as it lumps together mathematicians, scientists, and hackers. Hackers, like painters, are not primarily concerned with research or theory, but with the act of creation. They are designers who shape software with the same care and attention to detail as a painter approaches a canvas.

Learning by doing. Both hackers and painters learn by doing, not by following rigid rules or formulas. They sketch, experiment, and refine their work through constant practice. This iterative process of creation is essential to their craft, and it requires a malleable medium that allows for change and adaptation.

3. Moral Fashions and Unspeakable Truths

It’s the nature of fashion to be invisible, in the same way the movement of the earth is invisible to all of us riding on it.

Invisible moral codes. Just as fashion dictates what we wear, moral fashions dictate what we believe and say. These codes are often arbitrary and invisible to those who adhere to them, but they can have serious consequences for those who violate them.

The conformist test. To identify these unspoken rules, ask yourself: do you have any opinions you would be reluctant to express in front of your peers? If not, you may be simply conforming to the prevailing moral fashion, rather than thinking for yourself.

Heresy and progress. Throughout history, people have been persecuted for expressing ideas that were later proven to be true. To find the unspeakable truths of our time, look for ideas that are labeled as "heretical" or "inappropriate," and ask yourself: might this also be true?

4. Hackers' Disobedience Fuels Innovation

The spirit of resistance to government is so valuable on certain occasions, that I wish it always to be kept alive.

Disobedience as a virtue. Hackers, by their nature, are disobedient. They question authority, break rules, and challenge the status quo. This rebellious attitude, while often annoying to those in power, is essential for innovation and progress.

Intellectual freedom. Hackers are deeply concerned about intellectual freedom and the free exchange of ideas. They see increasingly aggressive measures to protect "intellectual property" as a threat to the intellectual freedom they need to do their job.

American-ness. The unruly spirit of hackers is deeply rooted in American culture. It is this spirit of questioning and challenging authority that has made America a hotbed of innovation and technological advancement.

5. Web-Based Software: The Other Road Ahead

With web-based software, most users won’t have to think about anything except the applications they use.

Beyond the desktop. Web-based applications, which run on servers and use web pages as the user interface, offer a more convenient and user-friendly alternative to traditional desktop software. They eliminate the need for complex installations, updates, and compatibility issues.

Benefits for users. Web-based software is more mobile, reliable, and often more powerful than desktop software. Users can access their data and applications from any device with a browser, without worrying about system administration or data loss.

A new world for developers. Web-based software is not a single piece of code, but a collection of programs written in different languages. This requires a new approach to software design, where developers must think like city planners, creating interconnected systems rather than monolithic applications.

6. Wealth Creation: A Hacker's Perspective

Wealth is what you want, not money.

Wealth vs. money. Wealth is not the same as money. Wealth is the stuff we want: food, clothes, houses, and experiences. Money is merely a medium of exchange, a way to move wealth around.

The pie fallacy. Many people believe that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world, but this is a fallacy. Wealth is not a pie that has to be divided up; it is something that can be created.

Hackers as wealth creators. Hackers, like craftsmen, create wealth by building things that people want. They are not merely employees, but makers who use their skills to solve problems and generate value.

7. Income Gaps: A Sign of Progress?

If you want to create wealth, it will help to understand what it is.

Beyond the Daddy Model. The idea that wealth is a fixed pie to be divided up is a childish notion. In reality, wealth is created by people doing things that others want. Those who create more wealth often earn more money.

The lever of technology. Technology amplifies the differences in productivity between individuals. Those who master new technologies can create far more wealth than those who do not.

A sign of health. In a modern society, increasing variation in income may be a sign of health, not a problem. It indicates that people are being rewarded for their productivity and that technology is driving progress.

8. Content-Based Filters: The Key to Beating Spam

The Achilles heel of the spammers is their message.

Spam's vulnerability. Spammers can circumvent any technical barrier, but they cannot avoid delivering their message. Content-based filters, which analyze the text of emails, are the most effective way to stop spam.

The Bayesian approach. Statistical analysis, using a Bayesian filter, can identify spam with remarkable accuracy. This approach learns from the patterns in spam and non-spam emails, adapting to new tactics and techniques.

Evolving with spam. Unlike rule-based filters, Bayesian filters evolve with the spam, automatically adjusting to new words and phrases. This makes them more resilient to the ever-changing tactics of spammers.

9. The Taste for Makers: Principles of Good Design

Beauty is the first test: there is no permanent place in this world for ugly mathematics.

Beyond subjectivity. Taste is not merely a matter of personal preference. There are objective principles of good design that apply across different fields, from math to painting.

Principles of good design:

• Simplicity: Focus on essential elements
• Timelessness: Aim for lasting appeal
• Problem-solving: Address the right problem
• Suggestiveness: Engage the user's imagination
• Humor: Inject a sense of lightness
• Hard work: Demand relentless effort
• Ease: Make it look effortless
• Symmetry: Use repetition and recursion
• Nature: Resemble natural forms
• Redesign: Embrace iteration
• Copying: Learn from the best
• Strangeness: Allow for the unexpected

Cultivating taste. By studying the work of great designers and practicing these principles, we can develop our own sense of taste and create things that are both beautiful and functional.

10. Programming Languages: A Hacker's Tool

Programs should be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute.

Beyond machine language. High-level languages allow programmers to build programs out of powerful commands, making it easier to write complex software. They also make programs more portable, allowing them to run on different computers.

Open source and control. Open source languages give programmers more control over their software. They can fix bugs, modify features, and understand how the code works.

The language wars. There are many different high-level languages, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. The choice of language depends on the specific problem being solved and the preferences of the programmer.

11. The Hundred-Year Language: A Glimpse into the Future

I think the fundamental operators are the most important factor in a language’s long term survival.

The core matters most. The fundamental operators of a programming language are the most important factor in its long-term survival. The rest of the language can be changed, but the core must be well-chosen and minimal.

Waste is good. As computers get faster, there will be more room for inefficient code. This will allow language designers to prioritize convenience over speed, making it easier to write programs.

Flexibility is key. The ideal language will be flexible, allowing programmers to change their minds and adapt to new requirements. It will also be abstract, allowing them to express programs in a concise and clear way.

12. Lisp: The Secret Weapon for Startups

In business, there is nothing more valuable than a technical advantage your competitors don’t understand.

Lisp's power. Lisp is a powerful language that allows programmers to write software faster and more efficiently. It is also a language that is not widely understood, giving those who use it a competitive advantage.

The Blub paradox. Programmers tend to be satisfied with whatever language they happen to use, making it difficult for them to recognize the power of other languages. This is known as the Blub paradox.

A recipe for success. By using Lisp, startups can gain a technological edge over their competitors. They can develop software faster, create more innovative features, and attract top talent.

Last updated: January 23, 2025