Key Takeaways
1. Delta Sigma Theta: A Sisterhood Forged in Activism and Scholarship
When, in 1913, those twenty-two students organized Delta Sigma Theta, they added an important and vital dimension to the “Black sorority idea”—an idea that filled such a compelling need, that gained such wide currency among college-educated women, it became a full-fledged social movement.
A legacy of leadership. Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc., founded in 1913 at Howard University, emerged as a powerful force in the Black community, driven by a commitment to sisterhood, scholarship, and social action. Its early members included prominent figures like Mary Church Terrell, who penned the Delta Oath, and Sadie T.M. Alexander, the first Black woman to earn a Ph.D. in economics. These women set a precedent for leadership and service that continues to inspire Deltas today.
Education as empowerment. Recognizing the limited opportunities available to Black women in the early 20th century, Delta Sigma Theta emphasized education as a means of empowerment and uplift. The sorority provided scholarships, mentorship, and a supportive network for its members, enabling them to excel academically and professionally. This focus on education distinguished Delta from other Greek-letter organizations and solidified its role as a social movement organization.
Activism from the start. From its inception, Delta Sigma Theta was committed to addressing the pressing social and political issues of the day. The sorority's first public act was participating in the 1913 Women's Suffrage March in Washington, D.C., demonstrating its commitment to women's rights and racial equality. This early activism laid the foundation for Delta's long history of advocacy and social justice work.
2. Navigating Identity: Black Greek Life in a Segregated America
However, the particular needs of Black students in general, and women in particular, made the history of Black Greek-letter groups distinct both in degree and kind from those of their White counterparts.
Distinct needs, distinct organizations. Black Greek-letter organizations, including Delta Sigma Theta, arose to address the unique challenges faced by Black students in a segregated America. These organizations provided a sense of community, support, and empowerment in an environment often marked by discrimination and exclusion. They also served as training grounds for leadership and activism, preparing Black students to become agents of change in their communities.
Scholarship and achievement. Black Greek-letter groups placed a strong emphasis on scholarship and achievement, reflecting the importance of education as a tool for advancement in a society that doubted Black intellectual capabilities. Membership in these organizations became a symbol of academic distinction and a source of pride for Black students. This emphasis on scholarship distinguished Black Greek life from its White counterparts, which often focused more on social activities.
Racial uplift and community service. Black Greek-letter organizations were deeply committed to racial uplift and community service. Members saw themselves as having a responsibility to use their education and skills to improve the lives of other Black people. This commitment to service shaped the activities and priorities of Black Greek-letter groups, making them vital institutions in the Black community.
3. The Seeds of Change: Dissatisfaction and the Drive for a New Vision
A group of us felt that it was time for another sorority,” recalled Naomi Richardson. “We had broader views. We wanted to reach out in the community. We wanted to be more than just a social group. We wanted to do more, when we graduated, for the community in which we were going.
A desire for greater impact. In 1912, a group of young women within Alpha Kappa Alpha (AKA), the first Black sorority, felt a growing dissatisfaction with the organization's focus. They sought a sorority with a broader vision, one that extended beyond social activities to encompass community service, political activism, and national outreach. This desire for greater impact fueled the movement to establish Delta Sigma Theta.
Key areas of divergence:
- National scope: The founders of Delta envisioned a national organization with chapters across the country, while AKA was primarily a local group.
- Political engagement: Delta sought to be more politically active, addressing issues such as woman suffrage and racial justice.
- Name and symbols: The founders of Delta wanted a name and symbols that reflected their unique identity and purpose, rather than simply imitating those of White Greek-letter groups.
A bold move for change. Driven by their vision for a more impactful sorority, the twenty-two young women made the courageous decision to break away from AKA and establish Delta Sigma Theta. This act of self-determination set the stage for Delta's future as a leading force for social change.
4. From Local to National: Building a Purposeful Organization
Realizing that there was no true sorority in Howard University, and desiring to form one which would measure favorably with any secret organization, anywhere, the active members of an existing club by unanimous consent reorganized into a chartered organization to be known as the Alpha Chapter of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority of Howard University.
A new beginning. With its official founding on January 13, 1913, Delta Sigma Theta embarked on a journey to create a new kind of Black women's organization. The sorority's early focus was on establishing a strong foundation, defining its purpose, and attracting members who shared its vision. The founders emphasized scholarship, leadership development, and a commitment to serving the Black community.
Expanding the vision. Delta quickly expanded beyond Howard University, establishing chapters at other colleges and universities across the country. This national outreach allowed the sorority to connect with Black women from diverse backgrounds and to address a wider range of social and political issues. The establishment of Beta Chapter at Wilberforce University in 1914 marked a pivotal moment in Delta's growth.
Defining the mission. As Delta grew, it refined its mission and objectives, emphasizing the importance of public service, political activism, and support for Black women in the arts. The sorority's early activities, such as participating in the Women's Suffrage March and providing scholarships for Black artists, reflected its commitment to these values. The creation of graduate chapters further solidified Delta's commitment to lifelong service and sisterhood.
5. The Power of Unity: Black Women's Organizations as Catalysts for Change
Throughout its seventy-five-year-old history, Delta Sigma Theta has maintained a stable yet dynamic organization that has consistently rendered service to its community.
A force for progress. Black women's organizations, like Delta Sigma Theta, have played a crucial role in advancing the rights and well-being of Black people in America. These organizations have provided a platform for Black women to exercise leadership, advocate for social justice, and address the specific challenges facing their communities. They have also served as a vital source of support and empowerment for Black women, who have often been marginalized and excluded from mainstream institutions.
Addressing multiple challenges. Black women's organizations have historically addressed a wide range of issues, including education, healthcare, economic development, and civil rights. They have also been at the forefront of efforts to combat racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination. By addressing these multiple challenges, Black women's organizations have made a significant contribution to the progress of Black people and the advancement of social justice.
A legacy of collaboration. Black women's organizations have often worked in coalition with other groups, including civil rights organizations, labor unions, and women's rights groups. This collaborative approach has allowed them to amplify their impact and achieve greater success in their advocacy efforts. The National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), founded by Mary McLeod Bethune, is a prime example of a collaborative organization that has brought together Black women's groups to address pressing social issues.
6. Balancing Act: Maintaining Sisterhood Amidst Societal Transformation
The challenge of the sorority, one made all the more difficult by the pathos of the Black women’s experience in North America, is to maintain that sense of sisterhood while striving, organizationally, for a more general purpose: aiding the Black community as a whole through social, political, and economic means.
The core of sisterhood. At the heart of Delta Sigma Theta is a strong sense of sisterhood, a bond that connects its members across generations and geographical boundaries. This sisterhood provides a source of support, encouragement, and inspiration, enabling Deltas to overcome challenges and achieve their goals. Maintaining this sense of sisterhood is essential to the sorority's continued success.
Evolving priorities. As society changes, Delta Sigma Theta must adapt its priorities and strategies to remain relevant and effective. This requires a constant balancing act between maintaining its core values and responding to the evolving needs of the Black community. The sorority must also navigate internal debates and disagreements, ensuring that all voices are heard and that decisions are made in a democratic and inclusive manner.
The challenge of relevance. In times of rapid social and political change, Delta Sigma Theta must confront the challenge of remaining relevant to its members and the broader community. This requires a willingness to embrace new ideas, adapt to changing circumstances, and address the pressing issues of the day. The sorority must also be mindful of its history and traditions, ensuring that its actions are guided by its core values and principles.
7. The Movement Years: Delta's Role in Civil Rights and Social Justice
From a self-contained group of college students, the sorority took on the goals of public service and support for those organizations that sought political change.
A call to action. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s presented Delta Sigma Theta with a new set of challenges and opportunities. The sorority responded by becoming more actively involved in the struggle for racial equality, supporting civil rights organizations, and advocating for legislative change. This period marked a significant turning point in Delta's history, as it solidified its commitment to social justice and its role as a force for change.
Supporting the movement. Delta Sigma Theta played a vital role in supporting the Civil Rights Movement. The sorority provided financial assistance to civil rights organizations, organized voter registration drives, and participated in protests and demonstrations. Individual Deltas, such as Daisy Bates, became leaders in the movement, inspiring others to join the fight for equality.
Advocating for legislative change. Delta Sigma Theta actively lobbied for the passage of landmark civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The sorority's members testified before Congress, organized letter-writing campaigns, and mobilized public support for these crucial laws. Delta's advocacy efforts helped to ensure that these laws were passed and that Black people were granted equal rights under the law.
8. Redefining Service: From Charity to Systemic Change
Its mandate for the next century, following its own evolutionary path, is to continue its ever-increasing abilities to render public service, and to enlarge its concept to embrace and directly impact on public policy.
Beyond traditional philanthropy. As Delta Sigma Theta matured, it began to shift its focus from traditional charitable activities to more systemic approaches to addressing social problems. This involved advocating for policy changes, promoting economic development, and empowering individuals to become agents of change in their communities. This shift reflected a growing understanding that lasting progress required addressing the root causes of inequality, not just treating the symptoms.
Empowering communities. Delta Sigma Theta recognized the importance of empowering Black communities to take control of their own destinies. The sorority supported initiatives that promoted economic self-sufficiency, educational attainment, and civic engagement. By empowering individuals and communities, Delta sought to create lasting change from the ground up.
Impacting public policy. Delta Sigma Theta has increasingly focused on influencing public policy to address systemic inequalities. The sorority has lobbied for legislation, advocated for policy changes, and worked to elect officials who are committed to social justice. By engaging in the political process, Delta seeks to create a more equitable and just society for all.
9. The Modern Era: Delta's Enduring Legacy of Empowerment
This can’t be done by fiat, but rather must be accomplished through a transformative vision internalized by the membership—a vision that will allow it to realize its extraordinary potential and continue to attract committed women.
A transformative vision. Delta Sigma Theta's enduring success lies in its ability to inspire a transformative vision within its membership. This vision, rooted in sisterhood, scholarship, and service, empowers Deltas to make a meaningful difference in the world. By attracting and nurturing committed women, Delta ensures that its legacy of empowerment will continue for generations to come.
Adapting to new challenges. As the 21st century unfolds, Delta Sigma Theta faces new challenges and opportunities. The sorority must adapt to changing demographics, technological advancements, and evolving social and political landscapes. By embracing innovation and remaining true to its core values, Delta can continue to be a leading force for positive change.
A beacon of hope. Throughout its history, Delta Sigma Theta has served as a beacon of hope for Black women and the Black community as a whole. The sorority's commitment to empowerment, social justice, and sisterhood has inspired countless individuals to overcome obstacles and achieve their dreams. As it looks toward the future, Delta Sigma Theta remains dedicated to building a more just and equitable world for all.
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FAQ
What is In Search of Sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the Challenge of the Black Sorority Movement by Paula J. Giddings about?
- Comprehensive history of Delta Sigma Theta: The book traces the founding, growth, and evolution of Delta Sigma Theta, a Black women’s sorority, from its inception in 1913 through the 1980s.
- Intersection of race, gender, and activism: Giddings explores how the sorority navigated the challenges of racism, sexism, and classism while promoting higher education, leadership, and social activism among Black women.
- Balance of sisterhood and service: The narrative highlights how Delta Sigma Theta balanced internal bonds of sisterhood with a strong commitment to public service and political engagement.
- Context within Black and women’s history: The book situates the sorority’s story within broader movements for civil rights, women’s suffrage, and Black empowerment.
Why should I read In Search of Sisterhood by Paula J. Giddings?
- Unique insight into Black women’s leadership: The book offers a rare, in-depth look at how educated Black women organized to create social change and community uplift.
- Understanding organizational dynamics: Readers gain a nuanced perspective on the internal workings, challenges, and evolution of a major Black women’s organization.
- Historical context and impact: The book fills a gap in Black and women’s studies, providing context for the role of Black sororities in American history.
- Lessons for modern organizations: It presents Delta Sigma Theta’s evolution as a model for balancing tradition, inclusivity, and social action.
What are the key takeaways from In Search of Sisterhood by Paula J. Giddings?
- Delta Sigma Theta as a social movement: The sorority is portrayed as both a transformative space for individuals and a force for societal change.
- Navigating internal and external challenges: The book details how Delta managed issues of elitism, colorism, and class, as well as external pressures from racism and sexism.
- Commitment to education and activism: Delta’s dual focus on academic excellence and political engagement is a central theme.
- Adaptation and resilience: The sorority’s ability to adapt to changing social and political climates is highlighted as key to its longevity and impact.
Who were the founders of Delta Sigma Theta, and what motivated them according to Paula J. Giddings?
- Twenty-two Howard University women: The founders, including Bertha Pitts Campbell and Myra Davis Hemmings, were young Black women committed to scholarship and social uplift.
- Desire for a new vision: They sought to create a sorority focused on public service and political activism, moving beyond the social emphasis of Alpha Kappa Alpha.
- Influence of suffrage and racial movements: Inspired by the women’s suffrage movement and racial challenges, their first public act was participating in the 1913 suffrage march in Washington, D.C.
- Commitment to broader mission: Their vision combined sisterhood with a dedication to social and political change for the Black community.
How did Delta Sigma Theta evolve into a national organization, as described by Paula J. Giddings?
- Early chapter expansion: Delta quickly established chapters at Wilberforce University, University of Pennsylvania, and University of Iowa, driven by student interest and a desire for national sisterhood.
- First national convention: In 1919, representatives formed the Grand Chapter and elected Sadie T. M. Alexander as the first national president, laying the groundwork for national governance.
- Democratic and cooperative structure: The sorority emphasized equality among chapters and encouraged cooperation, which facilitated steady growth and cohesion.
- Adaptation to growth: Administrative reforms and regional conferences were introduced to manage rapid expansion and organizational challenges.
What were the major national projects and initiatives of Delta Sigma Theta highlighted in In Search of Sisterhood?
- National Library Project: Launched in 1937, this project provided library services to rural Black communities in the segregated South, earning national recognition.
- National Jobs Project: Initiated in the 1940s, it focused on improving job opportunities and working conditions for Black women, especially during World War II.
- Scholarship and health programs: The sorority established scholarship funds, health clinics, and educational outreach like May Week to support Black youth and communities.
- International and cultural initiatives: Projects such as the Countdown at Kusini film and international goodwill efforts reflected Delta’s expanding mission.
How did Delta Sigma Theta contribute to the civil rights movement, according to Paula J. Giddings?
- Early activism and lobbying: Delta supported anti-lynching legislation, anti-poll tax campaigns, and fair employment practices from the 1930s onward.
- Support during key events: The sorority provided aid during the Little Rock school integration, backed student sit-ins, and supported voter registration drives in the 1960s.
- Organizational involvement: Delta established commissions and committees to focus on civil rights, participated in marches, and collaborated with other Black organizations.
- Balancing activism and education: The sorority maintained its educational mission while actively engaging in social justice efforts.
What role did education and scholarship play in Delta Sigma Theta’s mission and history?
- Foundational emphasis on academics: High academic standards for membership and a focus on scholarship were central from the sorority’s founding.
- Support for Black higher education: Delta advocated for Black colleges, provided scholarships, and established endowed professorships.
- Educational outreach programs: Initiatives like May Week, vocational guidance, and career counseling aimed to inspire and support Black youth.
- Response to educational challenges: The sorority addressed issues like school desegregation, affirmative action, and declining Black enrollment.
How did Delta Sigma Theta address issues of race, class, and gender within its membership and programs?
- Colorism and class tensions: The book discusses internal debates over elitism, colorism, and expanding membership criteria, reflecting broader societal issues.
- Gender and sexism: Delta confronted sexism both within the Black community and in society, advocating for Black women’s rights and leadership.
- Balancing sisterhood and service: The organization worked to maintain strong internal bonds while expanding its public service mission and inclusivity.
- Sensitivity and reform efforts: Sensitivity sessions and policy changes in the 1960s and 1970s addressed these internal challenges.
What were the major leadership changes and internal challenges in Delta Sigma Theta, as described by Paula J. Giddings?
- Dorothy Height’s transformative presidency: Height professionalized the sorority, expanded national projects, and established a national headquarters, marking a modern era for Delta.
- Internal conflicts and governance issues: The book details tensions over authority, financial management, and membership standards, especially in the 1930s and 1950s.
- Adapting to social change: Later leaders navigated the sorority through the civil rights era, Black Power debates, and cultural shifts, adapting the mission as needed.
- Controversies and reforms: Issues like hazing, film project challenges, and debates over tradition versus innovation tested the sorority’s unity and direction.
What is the significance of the 1913 suffrage march for Delta Sigma Theta, according to Paula J. Giddings?
- First public act of activism: Just two months after its founding, Delta Sigma Theta participated in the historic woman suffrage parade in Washington, D.C.
- Symbol of courage and defiance: The founders faced hostility and discrimination but persisted, asserting their right to be seen and heard.
- Legacy of activism: The march set a precedent for the sorority’s future involvement in civil rights and social justice.
- Link to broader struggles: The event connected Delta’s identity to the ongoing fight for Black women’s enfranchisement and equality.
What are the best quotes from In Search of Sisterhood by Paula J. Giddings, and what do they mean?
- On sisterhood and adversity: Dorothy Height said, “Friends love us at all times… sisters are made for adversity,” highlighting the unique strength and resilience of sisterhood.
- On organizational change: Barbara Jordan’s quote, “Change is the word that must precede all meaningful dialogue…” underscores the importance of transformation for progress.
- On public service: Jeanne Noble stated, “We are a public service organization… but public service was the mission,” emphasizing Delta’s evolving focus on community impact.
- On self-understanding and unity: Lillian Benbow’s words about seeing oneself in one’s sister reflect the deep interconnectedness and mutual support within the sorority.
Review Summary
In Search of Sisterhood receives high praise from readers, especially Delta Sigma Theta members. Reviewers appreciate the detailed history of the sorority and its impact on African American women's lives. The book is valued for its exploration of black history, women's leadership, and social progress. Some readers find the writing style dense or textbook-like at times, but most consider it an essential read for understanding the organization's significance. Many reviewers highlight the book's insights into the challenges and achievements of black women throughout American history.
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