Letters of Longing

Makar Devushkin, a lowly clerk, and Varvara Dobroselova, a young woman living in poverty, exchange letters filled with affection and longing. Makar is deeply in love with Varvara, and their correspondence is a lifeline for both, offering solace amidst their struggles. Makar's letters are filled with tender observations and small joys, like the sight of Varvara's curtain signaling her thoughts of him. Despite their dire circumstances, Makar finds happiness in these small gestures, while Varvara, though grateful, is burdened by the weight of Makar's sacrifices for her.

Poverty's Grip Tightens

Makar's financial situation worsens as he spends his meager earnings on gifts for Varvara, despite her protests. His landlady and neighbors mock him, and his shabby appearance at work draws unwanted attention. Varvara, too, is trapped in a cycle of poverty, unable to find stable work due to her health. Both are acutely aware of their precarious positions, and the societal disdain for their poverty only deepens their despair. Makar's attempts to borrow money fail, leaving him humiliated and desperate.

A Glimpse of Hope

Makar's fortunes take a brief turn when his superior, moved by Makar's plight, offers him a financial lifeline. This act of kindness restores Makar's dignity and gives him hope. He shares the news with Varvara, who is relieved but urges him to save the money wisely. Makar's spirits lift, and he dreams of a better future, buoyed by the belief that good deeds are rewarded. However, the shadow of their poverty looms large, and both know that this reprieve is temporary.

Desperate Decisions

Varvara receives a marriage proposal from Mr. Bykov, a wealthy but coarse man. Though she is repulsed by him, the offer promises financial security and a way out of her dire situation. Torn between her love for Makar and the harsh realities of her life, Varvara decides to accept Bykov's proposal. She hopes that this marriage will restore her honor and provide stability, even as she fears the unknown future. Makar is devastated by her decision, feeling helpless and abandoned.

A Proposal's Weight

As Varvara prepares for her wedding, the weight of her decision bears down on her. She is overwhelmed by the preparations and Bykov's demands, feeling like a pawn in a transaction rather than a bride. Makar, heartbroken, struggles to accept her choice, fearing for her happiness and safety. He runs errands for her, clinging to the last moments they have together. Both are caught in a whirlwind of emotions, knowing that their lives are about to change irrevocably.

Farewell to Dreams

On the eve of her departure, Varvara writes a final letter to Makar, filled with sorrow and gratitude. She thanks him for his unwavering support and love, acknowledging that he was her only true friend. Makar, in turn, pours out his heart in a desperate plea for her to stay, unable to imagine life without her. Their dreams of a future together are shattered, and both must face the reality of their separate paths. The farewell is bittersweet, marked by tears and unspoken words.

A New Beginning

Varvara leaves with Bykov, stepping into an uncertain future as a landowner's wife. Makar is left alone, grappling with the void her absence creates. He moves into her old apartment, surrounded by memories of their time together. Despite his heartbreak, Makar resolves to continue writing to her, clinging to the hope that their bond will endure. As Varvara embarks on her new life, both must find a way to navigate the challenges ahead, forever changed by their shared past.

Characters

Makar Devushkin

Makar is a low-ranking civil servant who finds solace in his correspondence with Varvara. Despite his poverty, he is generous to a fault, often sacrificing his own needs to support her. Makar is deeply in love with Varvara, and his letters reveal a sensitive, poetic soul. He is acutely aware of his social standing and the disdain of others, which fuels his insecurities. Makar's character is defined by his unwavering devotion and the quiet dignity with which he endures life's hardships.

Varvara Dobroselova

Varvara is a gentle, intelligent woman who struggles to make ends meet. Her health is fragile, and she is burdened by the weight of Makar's sacrifices. Despite her love for him, she feels compelled to accept Bykov's marriage proposal, hoping it will provide stability. Varvara is torn between her desires and the harsh realities of her life, and her letters reflect a deep sense of melancholy and resignation. Her character embodies the struggle for dignity amidst poverty.

Mr. Bykov

Bykov is a landowner who proposes to Varvara, offering her financial security in exchange for marriage. He is blunt and pragmatic, viewing the marriage as a transaction rather than a romantic union. Bykov's character is marked by his indifference to Varvara's feelings and his focus on his own interests. Despite his wealth, he lacks the sensitivity and understanding that Makar possesses, making him an unlikely partner for Varvara.

Fedora

Fedora is Varvara's devoted companion, who looks after her with maternal care. She is practical and resourceful, often finding work to support them both. Fedora is wary of Bykov and distrusts his intentions, but ultimately supports Varvara's decision for the sake of her future. Her character represents the strength and resilience of women who endure hardship with grace.

Gorshkov

Gorshkov is a neighbor of Makar's, whose life is marked by poverty and legal troubles. Despite his hardships, he remains hopeful for a better future. Gorshkov's character highlights the pervasive nature of poverty and the impact it has on individuals and families. His sudden death serves as a stark reminder of the fragility of life and the unpredictability of fate.

Plot Devices

Epistolary Format

The novel is structured as a series of letters between Makar and Varvara, allowing readers to intimately experience their thoughts and emotions. This format provides insight into their struggles, hopes, and fears, creating a deep connection with the characters. The letters serve as a lifeline for both, offering comfort and companionship in their isolated lives.

Social Critique

The novel critiques the harsh realities of poverty and the societal disdain faced by those in lower social classes. Through Makar and Varvara's experiences, the story highlights the impact of financial hardship on dignity and self-worth. The characters' struggles underscore the indifference of society to the plight of the poor, prompting readers to reflect on issues of class and inequality.

Symbolism of the Curtain

The curtain in Varvara's window becomes a symbol of the connection between her and Makar. Its position signals her thoughts and feelings, offering Makar a sense of hope and reassurance. This simple gesture represents the power of small acts of kindness and the importance of human connection in overcoming adversity.

Analysis

"Poor People" by Fyodor Dostoevsky is a powerful examination of the human condition, exploring themes of love, poverty, and societal indifference. Through the letters of Makar and Varvara, the novel delves into the emotional and psychological impact of financial hardship, highlighting the resilience and dignity of those who endure it. The story critiques the social structures that perpetuate inequality, urging readers to consider the humanity of those marginalized by society. At its core, the novel is a testament to the enduring power of love and compassion, even in the face of overwhelming adversity.

Last updated: January 27, 2025