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Shakespeare

Shakespeare

The Invention of the Human
by Harold Bloom 1998 745 pages
4.03
3k+ ratings
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Key Takeaways

1. The Play's Central Conflict: Appearance vs. Reality

There's no art to find the mind's construction in the face: He was a gentleman on whom I built an absolute trust.

Deceptive facades. Macbeth is steeped in the theme of appearance versus reality, where characters often mask their true intentions and emotions behind deceptive facades. This creates a world of uncertainty and suspicion, where it becomes difficult to discern truth from falsehood.

The art of deception. The ability to manipulate appearances becomes a crucial skill for survival and advancement in the treacherous world of the play. Characters like Macbeth and Lady Macbeth master the art of dissimulation, presenting a false image of loyalty and innocence to conceal their dark ambitions.

Consequences of misplaced trust. The play highlights the dangers of placing trust solely on outward appearances. Duncan's unwavering faith in Macbeth, despite the latter's hidden desires, ultimately leads to his downfall, underscoring the tragic consequences of misjudging character.

2. The Corrupting Influence of Ambition

I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself and falls on the other.

Ambition as a driving force. Ambition serves as a potent catalyst for the play's tragic events, driving Macbeth to commit heinous acts in pursuit of power. However, Shakespeare portrays ambition as a double-edged sword, capable of both inspiring greatness and leading to moral decay.

The slippery slope of unchecked desire. Macbeth's initial ambition to become king quickly spirals out of control, leading him down a path of violence and tyranny. Each act of aggression fuels his paranoia and further entrenches him in his destructive course.

The cost of ambition. The play explores the devastating consequences of unchecked ambition, both for the individual and for society. Macbeth's relentless pursuit of power ultimately leads to his own destruction and plunges Scotland into chaos and bloodshed.

3. The Inevitability of Fate and the Supernatural

Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Hover through the fog and filthy air.

The witches' prophecies. The prophecies of the three witches play a pivotal role in shaping Macbeth's actions and driving the plot forward. These supernatural pronouncements instill in Macbeth a belief in his own invincibility, leading him to disregard moral constraints and embrace his darkest impulses.

The power of suggestion. While the witches' prophecies may not be predetermined, they exert a powerful influence on Macbeth's mind, planting the seeds of ambition and paranoia. His interpretation of these prophecies shapes his decisions and ultimately seals his fate.

The limits of free will. The play raises questions about the extent to which human beings are free to determine their own destinies. While Macbeth makes choices that lead to his downfall, the influence of fate and the supernatural suggests that his path may have been predetermined from the start.

4. The Fragility of Trust and Loyalty

But 'tis strange: And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles, to betray's In deepest consequence.

Betrayal as a recurring motif. Macbeth is rife with instances of betrayal, as characters turn against each other in pursuit of personal gain or political advantage. This creates a climate of suspicion and paranoia, where loyalty becomes a rare and precious commodity.

The bonds of kinship and loyalty. The play explores the breakdown of traditional bonds of kinship and loyalty, as ambition and self-interest take precedence over familial and social obligations. Macbeth's murder of Duncan, his kinsman and king, represents the ultimate betrayal of these sacred ties.

The consequences of disloyalty. The play demonstrates the devastating consequences of disloyalty, both for the individual and for the state. Macbeth's betrayal of Duncan unleashes a chain of events that leads to chaos, bloodshed, and the eventual downfall of his reign.

5. The Psychological Toll of Guilt and Paranoia

Sleep no more. Macbeth does murder sleep.

The burden of guilt. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are haunted by the psychological consequences of their actions, particularly the murder of Duncan. Their guilt manifests in various forms, including insomnia, hallucinations, and paranoia.

The disintegration of the mind. As Macbeth descends further into darkness, his mental state deteriorates, leading to erratic behavior and a growing sense of isolation. He becomes increasingly detached from reality, haunted by the ghosts of his past deeds.

The futility of ambition. The play suggests that the pursuit of power at any cost ultimately leads to emptiness and despair. Macbeth's reign is marked by constant fear and anxiety, as he becomes trapped in a cycle of violence and paranoia.

6. The Nature of Power and Tyranny

I am in blood Stepped in so far that, should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go o'er.

The corrupting influence of power. Macbeth explores the corrupting influence of power, demonstrating how the pursuit of political gain can lead to moral decay and tyranny. Macbeth's transformation from a valiant soldier to a ruthless dictator illustrates the dangers of unchecked authority.

The abuse of power. The play depicts the various ways in which power can be abused, including through violence, manipulation, and the suppression of dissent. Macbeth's tyrannical reign is characterized by widespread fear and oppression, as he silences his enemies and consolidates his control.

The responsibility of leadership. The play raises questions about the responsibilities of leadership, suggesting that true rulers must prioritize the well-being of their subjects over their own personal ambitions. Duncan's virtuous reign stands in stark contrast to Macbeth's tyrannical rule, highlighting the importance of justice, compassion, and integrity in leadership.

7. The Cycle of Violence and Revenge

Blood will have blood.

Violence begets violence. Macbeth illustrates the cyclical nature of violence, as each act of aggression leads to further bloodshed and revenge. The play suggests that violence is a self-perpetuating force that can consume individuals and societies alike.

The futility of revenge. While characters like Macduff seek revenge for the wrongs committed against them, the play suggests that revenge is ultimately a destructive and unsatisfying pursuit. The cycle of violence continues until the entire kingdom is consumed by bloodshed.

The importance of justice and reconciliation. The play implies that the only way to break the cycle of violence is through justice and reconciliation. Malcolm's restoration of order at the end of the play offers a glimmer of hope for a more peaceful and just future for Scotland.

8. The Subversion of Natural Order

By the pricking of my thumbs, Something wicked this way comes.

Disruption of the natural world. The play is filled with instances of the natural world reflecting the moral and political chaos that engulfs Scotland. Storms, darkness, and unnatural events serve as omens of the impending doom.

The consequences of transgression. Macbeth's violation of the natural order, through his regicide and subsequent tyranny, unleashes a cascade of negative consequences that affect the entire kingdom. The play suggests that disrupting the balance of nature can have devastating repercussions.

The restoration of order. The play concludes with the restoration of order, as Malcolm ascends to the throne and promises to heal the wounds inflicted by Macbeth's reign. This suggests that the natural world will eventually right itself, but only after a period of turmoil and suffering.

Last updated:

FAQ

What is "Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human" by Harold Bloom about?

  • Exploration of Shakespeare’s Influence: The book argues that William Shakespeare fundamentally shaped the way we understand human nature and individuality.
  • Analysis of Major Plays: Bloom examines each of Shakespeare’s plays, discussing how their characters contributed to the development of the modern concept of the self.
  • Literary Criticism and Philosophy: The work blends literary criticism with philosophical inquiry, positioning Shakespeare as the central figure in Western literature.
  • Focus on Character Creation: Bloom emphasizes Shakespeare’s unique ability to create psychologically complex and evolving characters.

Why should I read "Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human" by Harold Bloom?

  • Deepens Understanding of Shakespeare: The book offers fresh insights into Shakespeare’s works, making them more accessible and relevant.
  • Influence on Western Thought: It explains how Shakespeare’s characters have influenced Western ideas about identity and consciousness.
  • Engaging Literary Criticism: Bloom’s passionate and provocative style makes literary criticism engaging, even for non-specialists.
  • Broader Cultural Impact: The book connects Shakespeare’s influence to broader cultural and philosophical developments.

What are the key takeaways from "Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human"?

  • Shakespeare’s Characters as Models: Shakespeare’s characters are seen as prototypes for modern human consciousness.
  • Invention of Personality: Bloom argues that Shakespeare invented the concept of the “human” as we understand it today.
  • Enduring Relevance: The plays remain relevant because they explore universal themes of love, power, ambition, and self-awareness.
  • Critical Reassessment: The book encourages readers to reconsider the significance of Shakespeare in both literature and life.

How does Harold Bloom define the "invention of the human" in this book?

  • Creation of Complex Characters: Bloom claims Shakespeare was the first to create characters with inner lives and psychological depth.
  • Self-Reflective Consciousness: The “invention” refers to the emergence of self-awareness and introspection in literature.
  • Transformation of Literary Tradition: Shakespeare’s approach marked a departure from earlier, more archetypal or static characters.
  • Foundation for Modern Identity: Bloom suggests that our modern sense of individuality owes much to Shakespeare’s innovations.

What is Harold Bloom’s method of literary analysis in "Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human"?

  • Close Reading of Texts: Bloom meticulously analyzes the language, structure, and themes of each play.
  • Comparative Approach: He compares Shakespeare’s characters to those in earlier and later literature to highlight their uniqueness.
  • Psychoanalytic and Philosophical Insights: Bloom incorporates ideas from psychology and philosophy to deepen his interpretations.
  • Personal and Subjective Criticism: The analysis is often personal, reflecting Bloom’s own responses and judgments.

Which Shakespearean characters does Bloom consider most significant, and why?

  • Hamlet as the Quintessential Human: Bloom sees Hamlet as the most complex and self-aware character in literature.
  • Falstaff’s Vitality: Falstaff is celebrated for his exuberance and capacity for self-invention.
  • Iago’s Psychological Depth: Iago is notable for his enigmatic motives and manipulation.
  • Lear’s Tragic Insight: King Lear’s journey is emblematic of human suffering and self-discovery.

How does "Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human" reinterpret familiar plays?

  • New Perspectives on Motives: Bloom often challenges traditional interpretations of characters’ motives and actions.
  • Focus on Character Evolution: He highlights how characters change and grow, rather than remaining static.
  • Emphasis on Language: The book draws attention to Shakespeare’s innovative use of language to reveal character.
  • Reassessment of Canonical Status: Bloom sometimes elevates lesser-known plays and questions the value of more celebrated ones.

What are some of the most memorable quotes from "Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human" and what do they mean?

  • “Shakespeare invented us.” This encapsulates Bloom’s thesis that Shakespeare shaped modern human consciousness.
  • “Hamlet is the most intelligent play ever written.” Bloom’s admiration for Hamlet’s complexity and depth.
  • “Falstaff is Shakespeare’s greatest creation.” Reflects Bloom’s appreciation for Falstaff’s vitality and wit.
  • “We read to find ourselves, and Shakespeare is the best means yet found.” Suggests that Shakespeare’s works help us understand our own identities.

How does Harold Bloom address the question of Shakespeare’s universality in "Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human"?

  • Timeless Themes: Bloom argues that Shakespeare’s exploration of love, power, jealousy, and ambition transcends time and culture.
  • Human Nature as Universal: The psychological realism of the characters makes them relatable across generations.
  • Global Influence: The book discusses how Shakespeare’s works have been adapted and revered worldwide.
  • Critique of Over-Universalization: Bloom also warns against reducing Shakespeare to mere platitudes, emphasizing the complexity of his works.

What criticisms or controversies surround Harold Bloom’s arguments in "Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human"?

  • Subjectivity of Analysis: Some critics argue that Bloom’s interpretations are highly personal and sometimes idiosyncratic.
  • Canon Formation: Bloom’s elevation of Shakespeare above all other writers has been seen as elitist or exclusionary.
  • Neglect of Historical Context: The book is sometimes criticized for downplaying the social and historical factors influencing Shakespeare.
  • Debate Over “Invention”: Some scholars dispute the claim that Shakespeare “invented” the human, seeing it as an overstatement.

How does "Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human" compare to other works of Shakespeare criticism?

  • Focus on Character over Context: Bloom prioritizes character analysis over historical or political readings.
  • Personal Voice: The book is notable for its passionate, subjective style, unlike more academic criticism.
  • Comprehensive Scope: Bloom covers the entire Shakespearean canon, offering a unified vision.
  • Influence on Later Criticism: The book has shaped subsequent debates about Shakespeare’s place in literature.

What practical advice does Harold Bloom offer for reading and understanding Shakespeare in "Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human"?

  • Read Aloud for Impact: Bloom recommends reading the plays aloud to appreciate their language and rhythm.
  • Focus on Character Development: He suggests paying close attention to how characters change and reveal themselves.
  • Engage with the Text Personally: Readers are encouraged to bring their own experiences and emotions to the plays.
  • Avoid Overly Theoretical Approaches: Bloom warns against reducing Shakespeare to political or theoretical frameworks, advocating for a more direct engagement with the text.

Review Summary

4.03 out of 5
Average of 3k+ ratings from Goodreads and Amazon.

Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human receives mixed reviews. Many praise Bloom's passion and insights, finding the book illuminating and thought-provoking. Critics appreciate his close readings and character analyses. However, others find Bloom's writing pompous, repetitive, and lacking academic rigor. His claims about Shakespeare inventing human personality are controversial. Some reviewers criticize his obsession with certain characters, especially Falstaff. The book is seen as an accessible introduction to Shakespeare criticism, but also as overly subjective and lacking proper citations. Overall, it's considered a flawed but often brilliant work.

Your rating:
4.49
25 ratings

About the Author

Harold Bloom was a renowned American literary critic and Yale professor. He authored over 50 books and edited hundreds of anthologies, becoming one of the most famous English-language literary critics. Bloom defended the traditional Western canon against what he called the "school of resentment" in academia. His works have been translated into over 40 languages. Educated at Yale, Cambridge, and Cornell, Bloom was known for his controversial views and passionate defense of canonical literature. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1995 and continued to be an influential voice in literary criticism until his death.

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