Superconvergence

1. Superconvergence: Intersecting Technologies Reshape Life

And just like the men in the parable need to pool their individual experiences to begin understanding the broader reality around them, so, too, must we see how the superconvergence of intersecting technologies is unleashing the miracle of human innovation on a planetary level and giving us superpowers that will increasingly touch almost every aspect of the world inside and around us.

Interwoven revolutions. The book emphasizes that advancements in genetics, biotechnology, AI, and other fields are not isolated events but are deeply interconnected and mutually reinforcing. This "superconvergence" is accelerating the pace of change and creating unprecedented opportunities and challenges.

• The doctor performing gene therapy, the farmer growing new crop varieties, the manufacturer using bioengineered spider silk, the driver using biofuel, and the analyst storing data in DNA are all touching different aspects of the bigger story.
• The doctor performing gene therapy, the farmer growing new crop varieties, the manufacturer using bioengineered spider silk, the driver using biofuel, and the analyst storing data in DNA are all touching different aspects of the bigger story.

Planetary-scale impact. This convergence is giving humanity "superpowers" that will increasingly affect every aspect of life, from healthcare and agriculture to manufacturing and energy. Understanding this interconnectedness is crucial for navigating the future.

A new Cambrian explosion. The author posits that we are at another transitional moment in the story of life on Earth, a new Cambrian explosion with a new biological driver—us. After nearly four billion years of life on Earth, our one species, among the billions which have ever lived, suddenly has the increasing ability to read, write, and hack the code of life.

2. Engineering Life: Tinkering at the Edges for Big Impact

Tinkering at the edges of life has the potential to be a very, very big deal.

Modifying, not creating. The book clarifies that while we are making significant strides in bioengineering, we are not yet building life from scratch. Instead, we are "tinkering at the edges" of existing biological systems, harnessing and recasting them to redirect their magic.

Synthetic biology's misnomer. The term "synthetic biology" is somewhat misleading, as we are not synthesizing biology from scratch but rather harnessing and recasting it to redirect its magic. A limiting factor in this process may well be some inherent qualities of biological systems. The expanding factor will be the unleashing of human imagination using a palate of biology that is almost unlimited.

Limitless potential. Despite the limitations, even small modifications to biological systems can have profound consequences. The incredible diversity of every organism that has ever lived is only a tiny fraction of what biology, and human-engineered biology, is theoretically capable of producing. The number of conceivable new permutations is essentially limitless.

3. Exponential Innovation: The Unstoppable Force of Human Imagination

While we celebrate geniuses like Aristotle, Averroes, Confucius, Einstein, and Marie Curie as a way of putting a human face on our largely collective innovation, the deeper truth is that none of us can invent basically anything meaningful alone.

Collective progress. The book emphasizes that innovation is a collective endeavor, building on the accumulated knowledge and efforts of countless individuals across generations. The brain capacity of any one human is not radically different than that of our ancestors tens of thousands of years ago. The reason we’re mining asteroids and they weren’t isn’t that any one of us is smarter than they were, it’s that we benefit from a far greater body of accrued knowledge than they did.

Accelerating change. The pace of change is accelerating due to the compounding nature of innovation. People tend to beget more advanced people, ideas beget more advanced ideas, and technologies beget more advanced technologies. That doesn’t mean every person, idea, or technology is more advanced than what came before, or that we don’t fall into holes the size of the Middle Ages or China’s Great Leap Forward, just that our technologies and capacities, in aggregate, tend to grow over time.

Unleashing imagination. The more revolutionary story of the human experience is not any of these massively enabling technologies themselves but the continued unleashing of one of the greatest forces in our world: human imagination. The more people we educate, the more imagination we can generate. The more we learn, the more we can learn. The more connected we are, the more we can direct our energies toward solving an ever-expanding category of new challenges.

4. From Generalized to Precision: Healthcare's Data-Driven Revolution

The promise of precision medicine is finding the best possible treatment for each individual patient.

Beyond averages. Traditional healthcare is based on population averages, while precision medicine aims to tailor treatments to individual patients based on their unique characteristics. If a particular treatment is being considered, we want to make sure it’s a treatment not just likely to work for humans in general but for each individual human.

Data-driven approach. Precision medicine relies on vast amounts of data, including personal and family histories, biometric information, and whole-genome sequencing. To make precision medicine possible, we need effective ways for knowing who each person is on an individual, even molecular, level and for making sense of the universe of data generated about multiple aspects of their inner workings and lives.

Predictive potential. The ultimate goal is to shift from precision to predictive healthcare, anticipating and preventing diseases before they manifest. The incremental decisions we make in improving the quality of our healthcare will not only usher in a new age of human health but also open the door to a far broader new era of human-engineered biology.

5. Hackriculture: Re-Engineering Our Food Supply

All of agriculture is radical biotechnology.

Human intervention. The book challenges the notion of "natural" agriculture, arguing that all domesticated plants and animals are the result of human manipulation over millennia. When we eat any type of domesticated plant, we are eating radical biotechnology.

Modern tools. The genetics, biotechnology, and AI revolutions are now enabling us to engineer crops with greater precision and efficiency than ever before. The words “genetic engineering” might suggest we are now building life from scratch, like authors of a book, but that is far beyond our current capacity. In the first place, writing a book isn’t really a “from scratch” endeavor.

Balancing act. While these technologies offer the potential to increase food production and sustainability, they also raise concerns about environmental impacts, corporate control, and the loss of biodiversity. The essential question for us is how we can best shape it. The fact that we will almost certainly edit the genes of our future children, recast nearly all domesticated and some wild plants and animals, and transform our economies to make way for biomaterials, biomanufacturing, bioengineered medicines, biofuels, and biocomputing—and for good reason—doesn’t mean that we should do so wantonly and carelessly now.

6. Newnimals: Reimagining Animal Agriculture

If we take the upper limit of how much time it might take to map how a single protein folds using the tools available before AlphaFold as 3 years, it would take 642 million years of human time to predict the folding of the 214 million proteins known to science.

Industrial transformation. The book explores how the principles of industrialization are being applied to animal agriculture, leading to increased efficiency but also raising ethical and environmental concerns. The same drivers that supercharged plant agriculture over the course of the twentieth century—specialization, mechanization, hybridization, and applied science—also transformed most animal agriculture from Old McDonald’s farm toward the new system of industrial animal agriculture.

Ethical considerations. The book acknowledges the ethical dilemmas associated with industrial animal farming, including animal welfare and the potential for antibiotic resistance. There’s something particularly haunting about the way industrial animal farming tends to treat domesticated animals as industrial outputs rather than sentient beings.

Cell-based alternatives. The book highlights the potential of cell-cultured meat to provide animal products without the need for raising and slaughtering animals. The goal of the team at DeepMind was not to build a great game-playing machine but instead to use games as a training ground for solving the far bigger problem of intelligence—and to then begin addressing some of our world’s greatest challenges using this superpower. It set its goals on something far more complex.

7. The Bioeconomy: Growing a Sustainable Future

The goal of building synthetic life is not to print new, complex life from scratch using a vocabulary totally different than what nature has evolved.

Beyond extraction. The book envisions a future where we shift from an extractive economy based on fossil fuels and mined materials to a bioeconomy based on renewable biological resources. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

Biomanufacturing. This transition involves using engineered organisms to produce a wide range of materials, from plastics and textiles to fuels and pharmaceuticals. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

Circular systems. The bioeconomy has the potential to create circular systems that minimize waste and pollution, promoting sustainability and resilience. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

8. Dual-Use Dilemma: Balancing Progress and Peril

Our incredible new technologies and the revolutionary science behind them are what bring us to this conversation, but the conversation is ultimately not about technology. It is about values.

Inherent risks. The book acknowledges that many of the technologies discussed have the potential for misuse, raising concerns about bioweapons, unintended ecological consequences, and social inequalities. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

Ethical frameworks. The book emphasizes the need for ethical frameworks and governance structures to guide the development and deployment of these technologies. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

Inclusivity and transparency. The book stresses the importance of involving diverse voices in the conversation about the future of human-engineered biology. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

9. Global Governance: A Collective Imperative

Our revolutionary technologies are developing so rapidly, and with such profound consequences, that no one—not the scientists, technologists, politicians, government officials, or international agencies—can keep up.

Interconnected fates. The book argues that the challenges posed by human-engineered biology are global in nature and require international cooperation. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

Beyond national interests. The book calls for a shift from narrow national interests to a focus on the common good of humanity. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

Strengthening institutions. The book suggests strengthening international organizations and establishing new frameworks for global governance. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

10. Values-Driven Future: Charting a Course for Humanity

Our decisions today are the building blocks of a tomorrow that will be radically different than yesterday.

Technology is not destiny. The book emphasizes that technology is not inherently good or bad, but rather a tool that can be used for different purposes. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

Values as a compass. The book argues that our values must guide the development and application of these technologies. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

A call to action. The book concludes with a call for individuals and societies to engage in a species-wide conversation about the future of human-engineered biology. The tools we have and are developing give us the potential to build a future where we have healthier, longer lives, where we grow the resources we need without destroying our planet, and where we can live in far better balance with the world around us and the planet we call home.

Last updated: April 14, 2025