The Captain Class

1. The most crucial ingredient in historically great teams is the character of their captain

"The notion that the most crucial ingredient in a team that achieves and sustains historic greatness is the character of the player who leads it."

Identifying elite teams. The author conducted an exhaustive study of over 1,200 teams across 37 sports categories dating back to the 1880s. He developed rigorous criteria to identify the top 16 most dominant teams of all time, which he calls "Tier One" teams. These teams sustained unprecedented levels of success over many years.

The captain connection. After analyzing these elite teams, the author discovered that the only common factor across all of them was the presence of an exceptional captain with specific leadership traits. This finding challenges conventional wisdom that focuses on factors like overall talent, coaching, or financial resources as the key drivers of sustained team success.

Beyond traditional metrics. The impact of these captains often wasn't captured by traditional performance statistics or obvious leadership qualities. Instead, their influence stemmed from less visible traits and behaviors that fostered team cohesion, resilience, and a relentless drive to win.

2. Elite team captains are often unsung heroes who lead from behind

"The easiest way to lead, it turns out, is to serve."

Water carriers. The most effective captains weren't always the most talented players or biggest stars. Instead, they often took on unglamorous roles, focusing on doing whatever was necessary to help the team succeed. This "water carrier" mentality allowed them to earn respect and influence through service rather than authority.

Leading by example. These captains set the tone through their actions rather than words. They were often the hardest workers, most prepared, and most willing to sacrifice personal glory for team success. This approach created a culture of accountability and collective effort.

Creating dependency. By consistently supporting their teammates and putting the team first, these captains became indispensable. Their selfless approach paradoxically gave them more influence, as teammates came to rely on and trust their judgment.

3. Effective captains demonstrate extreme doggedness and focus in competition

"I've always felt you should lead by example, not lip service."

Relentless effort. Elite captains consistently displayed an extraordinary level of determination and focus during competition. This unwavering intensity often inspired teammates to elevate their own performances.

Overcoming limitations. Many of these captains weren't naturally gifted athletes. Instead, they achieved greatness through sheer force of will, outworking opponents and refusing to give up even in seemingly hopeless situations.

Key examples:

• Bill Russell's incredible block in Game 7 of the 1957 NBA Finals
• Buck Shelford playing through horrific injuries in the "Battle of Nantes" rugby match
• Carles Puyol's tireless defensive efforts for Barcelona

4. Great captains play to the edge of the rules, displaying calculated aggression

"There is a low correlation between assertiveness and aggression."

Instrumental vs. hostile aggression. The author distinguishes between two types of aggressive behavior:

• Instrumental: Aimed at achieving a goal, not causing harm
• Hostile: Motivated by anger or a desire to injure

Pushing boundaries. Elite captains often displayed a willingness to test the limits of the rules and engage in aggressive play. However, this aggression was almost always instrumental – focused on gaining a competitive advantage rather than inflicting damage.

Emotional fuel. These captains understood how to use controlled aggression to fire up their teammates and intimidate opponents. They could tap into powerful emotions without losing control or crossing ethical lines.

5. Elite captains willingly perform thankless jobs and serve their teammates

"Since earliest childhood, my game has been about serving the team."

Putting the team first. The best captains consistently prioritized team success over personal accolades. They were willing to take on unglamorous roles and do whatever was necessary to help the team win, even if it meant sacrificing their own statistics or recognition.

Creating a culture of sacrifice. By embracing these thankless tasks, captains set an example that permeated throughout the team. This fostered an environment where everyone was willing to put aside ego and do what was best for the collective.

Examples of service:

• Tim Duncan taking a pay cut to allow the Spurs to sign other players
• Carla Overbeck carrying teammates' bags on road trips
• Yogi Berra dedicating himself to becoming an excellent defensive catcher

6. The best captains communicate through practical, nonverbal means

"Deputy captain Philipp Lahm's interview…has violated internal rules in a flagrant and inexcusable manner."

Actions over words. Elite captains rarely gave rousing speeches or sought the spotlight. Instead, they communicated most effectively through their actions on the field and subtle interactions with teammates.

Nonverbal cues. These leaders used body language, eye contact, and touch to convey messages and motivate teammates. They understood the power of presence and how to use it to influence others.

Constant engagement. Rather than relying on big moments, the best captains maintained a constant flow of communication with teammates. They offered advice, encouragement, and criticism in real-time, tailoring their approach to each individual.

7. Exceptional leaders have the courage to stand apart and speak uncomfortable truths

"It's a totally romantic idea that you have to be eleven friends."

Challenging authority. Many elite captains were willing to stand up to coaches, management, or even teammates when they felt it was necessary for the team's success. This often came at a personal cost but demonstrated their commitment to the greater good.

Addressing problems. These captains didn't shy away from confronting issues within the team. They had difficult conversations and pushed teammates to improve, even if it created temporary tension.

Examples of speaking out:

• Philipp Lahm's unauthorized interview criticizing Bayern Munich's strategy
• Valeri Vasiliev confronting his coach on a flight after a disappointing loss
• Bill Russell advocating for racial equality in the NBA

8. Elite captains possess ironclad emotional control, especially in high-pressure moments

"You have to regulate emotion."

The kill switch. The best captains demonstrated an ability to shut off negative emotions in crucial moments. This allowed them to maintain focus and make clear decisions under intense pressure.

Leading by example. By staying calm in high-stress situations, these captains instilled confidence in their teammates and prevented panic from spreading through the team.

Developing control. While some captains seemed to have natural emotional regulation, others like Maurice Richard had to work hard to develop this skill over time. This suggests emotional control can be learned and improved with practice.

9. Many teams mistakenly choose the wrong captains or devalue the role entirely

"Today's game is led by core groups of players. It's not done by one individual."

Common mistakes:

• Choosing captains based solely on talent or star power
• Using the captaincy as a way to placate egos or retain players
• Eliminating the role of captain altogether

Misunderstanding leadership. Many teams fail to recognize the specific traits that make an effective captain, instead focusing on more visible qualities or traditional notions of leadership.

Devaluing middle management. In both sports and business, there's a trend toward flatter hierarchies. This often squeezes out the crucial middle layer where captains traditionally operate.

10. Truly transformative leadership is more attainable and developable than commonly believed

"Leaders are made, they are not born. They are made by hard effort, which is the price which all of us must pay to achieve any goal that is worthwhile."

Demystifying leadership. The author argues that exceptional leadership is not an innate, mystical quality possessed by a chosen few. Instead, it's a set of behaviors and skills that can be developed over time.

The development process. Great captains weren't born leaders. They grew into the role through experience, learning from mistakes, and constantly refining their approach.

Key elements of leadership development:

• Understanding team dynamics
• Learning to regulate emotions
• Practicing selflessness and service
• Developing courage to stand apart when necessary
• Honing practical communication skills

The author concludes that by studying these Tier One captains, we can identify concrete ways to cultivate more effective leaders across all fields, not just in sports.

Last updated: September 9, 2024