Toward a Psychology of Being

1. Human nature has an innate drive towards growth and self-actualization

We have, each one of us, an essential inner nature which is instinctoid, intrinsic, given, "natural," i.e., with an appreciable hereditary determinant, and which tends strongly to persist.

Innate potential. Every individual possesses an intrinsic core of potentialities, talents, and capacities that seek expression and fulfillment. This inner nature is not merely a blank slate shaped entirely by environment, but has inherent tendencies toward growth, health, and self-actualization.

Developmental process. Self-actualization is not a fixed end-state, but an ongoing process of becoming. It involves gradually uncovering, accepting, and expressing one's authentic self while integrating new experiences. This growth process continues throughout life, with each stage building upon previous developments.

Obstacles to growth. While this inner nature is inherent, it is also fragile and can be easily suppressed or distorted by adverse experiences, cultural conditioning, or one's own fears and defenses. Recognizing and overcoming these obstacles is crucial for fostering healthy development and reaching one's full potential.

2. Basic needs must be met before higher-level growth can occur

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that individuals must satisfy lower-level needs before progressing to higher-level growth and self-actualization.

Hierarchy of needs. Maslow proposed a hierarchy of human needs, ranging from basic physiological requirements to higher psychological and self-actualization needs:

• Physiological needs (food, water, sleep)
• Safety needs (security, stability)
• Love and belongingness needs (relationships, affection)
• Esteem needs (respect, recognition)
• Self-actualization needs (personal growth, fulfillment)

Prepotency principle. Lower-level needs generally take precedence over higher-level needs. When basic needs are unmet, they dominate consciousness and behavior, making it difficult to focus on growth and self-actualization.

Flexible hierarchy. While the hierarchy provides a general framework, it's not rigid. Individuals may temporarily prioritize higher needs over lower ones in certain situations, and needs can be partially satisfied rather than fully met before moving to the next level.

3. Peak experiences reveal our highest potential and values

In these moments of highest happiness and fulfillment, we become more fully human, more perfectly actualizing our potentialities, closer to the core of our Being.

Transcendent moments. Peak experiences are profound moments of intense joy, creativity, or connection that reveal our highest potential. During these states, individuals often report feeling more whole, integrated, and in touch with their true selves and the world around them.

Value revelation. These experiences often unveil what Maslow called "B-values" (Being values), such as truth, goodness, beauty, wholeness, and justice. These values are experienced as intrinsically worthwhile and self-validating, providing glimpses of our highest aspirations and potential.

Transformative effects. Peak experiences can have lasting positive impacts on an individual's perspective, values, and behavior. They often lead to:

• Increased self-acceptance and authenticity
• Greater appreciation for life and others
• Enhanced creativity and problem-solving abilities
• Motivation for personal growth and self-actualization

4. Healthy individuals transcend their environment and cultural conditioning

Self-actualizing people are simultaneously selfish and unselfish, Dionysian and Apollonian, individual and social, rational and irrational, fused with others and detached from others.

Autonomy and interdependence. Self-actualized individuals achieve a balance between independence and connection. They are capable of deep relationships while maintaining their individuality and resisting undue social pressure.

Cultural transcendence. While respecting their cultural heritage, healthy individuals can critically evaluate societal norms and values. They are able to:

• Resist conformity when it conflicts with their authentic selves
• Appreciate universal human values beyond cultural boundaries
• Integrate diverse influences into a unique personal philosophy

Resolving dichotomies. Psychologically healthy people often transcend apparent contradictions, integrating opposing traits or values into a harmonious whole. This integration allows for greater flexibility, creativity, and authenticity in thought and behavior.

5. Creativity stems from self-actualization and openness to experience

Creativeness is a characteristic of self-actualizing people rather than a special or unique kind of aptitude.

Everyday creativity. Maslow emphasized that creativity is not limited to traditional artistic or scientific pursuits. Self-actualizing individuals express creativity in all aspects of life, from problem-solving to interpersonal relationships.

Characteristics of creative individuals:

• Openness to experience and fresh perceptions
• Comfort with ambiguity and uncertainty
• Willingness to take risks and make mistakes
• Integration of opposing traits (e.g., playfulness and discipline)
• Ability to lose oneself in the creative process (flow states)

Fostering creativity. Environments that support psychological safety, autonomy, and intrinsic motivation are more likely to nurture creativity. Education and workplaces can foster creativity by:

• Encouraging exploration and curiosity
• Valuing process over product
• Providing opportunities for self-directed learning and expression
• Cultivating a growth mindset that views failures as learning opportunities

6. Values and ethics can be derived from studying healthy individuals

We can, in principle, have a descriptive, naturalistic science of human values.

Empirical approach to values. Maslow proposed that by studying psychologically healthy, self-actualizing individuals, we can derive a naturalistic system of values and ethics. This approach seeks to bridge the gap between "is" and "ought" by observing what truly fulfilled individuals choose and value.

Characteristics of healthy values:

• Promote growth and self-actualization
• Align with our innate human potentials
• Foster both individual fulfillment and social harmony
• Flexible and context-sensitive rather than rigid rules

Implications for ethics and society. This perspective suggests that:

• Moral development is linked to psychological growth
• Societies should create conditions that foster self-actualization
• Ethical decisions should consider their impact on human potential and fulfillment

7. Psychological health involves integrating opposing forces within oneself

At this level, I have called the person godlike because most gods have been considered to have no needs or wants, no deficiencies, nothing lacking.

Dynamic balance. Psychological health is not a static state but a dynamic process of balancing and integrating various aspects of oneself, including:

• Reason and emotion
• Autonomy and connectedness
• Self-acceptance and growth
• Personal desires and social responsibility

Transcending dichotomies. Healthy individuals often resolve apparent contradictions, finding ways to integrate opposing traits or values. This integration allows for greater flexibility, creativity, and authenticity in thought and behavior.

Holistic perspective. Rather than viewing the psyche as a collection of separate parts, this approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of all aspects of the self. Healing and growth involve aligning these various elements into a coherent, harmonious whole.

8. Fear and defense mechanisms often inhibit personal growth

We protect ourselves and our ideal image of ourselves by repression and similar defenses, which are essentially techniques by which we avoid becoming conscious of unpleasant or dangerous truths.

Protective functions. Defense mechanisms serve to protect us from anxiety and psychological pain. While they can be adaptive in the short term, overreliance on defenses can inhibit growth and self-awareness.

Common defense mechanisms:

• Repression: Pushing threatening thoughts or feelings into the unconscious
• Denial: Refusing to acknowledge painful realities
• Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others
• Rationalization: Creating false but plausible justifications for one's behavior

Overcoming defenses. Personal growth often involves:

• Developing awareness of one's defense mechanisms
• Gradually facing and integrating feared aspects of oneself
• Creating psychological safety to reduce the need for defenses
• Cultivating courage and self-acceptance to embrace vulnerability

9. Education and therapy should foster self-discovery and actualization

To be completely honest with oneself is the very best effort a human being can make.

Facilitating growth. The role of education and therapy should be to create conditions that support individuals in discovering and actualizing their innate potentials. This involves:

• Providing a safe, accepting environment for exploration
• Encouraging intrinsic motivation and self-directed learning
• Helping individuals identify and overcome internal and external obstacles to growth
• Fostering self-awareness and authenticity

Holistic approach. Effective education and therapy consider the whole person, addressing cognitive, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of development. This may involve integrating various modalities and techniques to suit individual needs.

Empowerment over prescription. Rather than imposing external standards or goals, this approach aims to empower individuals to:

• Discover their own values and aspirations
• Develop self-trust and inner guidance
• Take responsibility for their growth and choices
• Cultivate resilience and adaptability in facing life's challenges

Last updated: January 23, 2025