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Confronting Christianity

Confronting Christianity

12 Hard Questions for the World's Largest Religion
作者 Rebecca McLaughlin 2019 239 页数
4.31
5k+ 评分
11 分钟

重点摘要

1. 基督教是世界上最大且最具多样性的宗教,违背了世俗化的预测

今天,我们必须醒悟到列侬的梦想只是一个幻想。更糟糕的是,这个幻想是由白人西方偏见所推动的,基于世界将追随西欧的假设。

基督教的全球增长。 与宗教衰退的预测相反,基督教预计将继续保持全球最大的信仰体系,到2060年将从占世界人口的31%增加到32%。伊斯兰教预计将大幅增长,而无宗教人士的比例将从16%下降到13%。

多样且扩展。 基督教在意想不到的地方迅速增长:

  • 到2030年,中国的基督徒数量可能超过美国
  • 伊朗教会是世界上增长最快的基督教运动
  • 超过60%的撒哈拉以南非洲人认同基督教
  • 尽管韩国的基督徒人口较少,但它是第二大派遣传教士的国家

违背西方中心的观点。 认为基督教主要是西方宗教的假设忽视了其全球多样性和在中东、非洲和亚洲的历史根源。这种误解源于一种偏见,未能认识到基督教从一开始就是多元文化的。

2. 宗教参与与更好的健康、幸福和道德结果相关

如果有人能设想出一种单一的灵丹妙药,可以在不花费个人成本的情况下改善数百万美国人的身心健康,我们的社会会如何看待它的价值?

健康和幸福的益处。 定期的宗教参与,特别是教会出席,与以下方面相关:

  • 在15年期间,死亡率降低20-30%
  • 更大的乐观和生活目标
  • 较低的抑郁和自杀率
  • 增强的自我控制和婚姻稳定性

道德结果。 宗教参与与各种积极的道德行为相关:

  • 较低的家庭暴力和其他犯罪率
  • 增加的慈善捐赠和志愿服务
  • 宗教人士的献血率较高

因果因素。 虽然社区支持解释了这些益处的一部分,但它解释的正面效果不到30%。其他因素可能包括:

  • 圣经原则促进福祉(如感恩、宽恕、自我控制)
  • 从宗教信仰中获得的意义和目的感
  • 鼓励亲社会行为的伦理框架

3. 声称基督教是西方宗教忽视了其全球和历史的多样性

我们必须放弃这种荒谬的想法,即基督教是西方宗教。

超越西方的古老根源。 基督教与非西方地区有深厚的历史联系:

  • 埃塞俄比亚在4世纪成为第二个正式的基督教国家
  • 基督教在1世纪扎根于埃及并传播到非洲
  • 印度声称其基督教血统可以追溯到1世纪
  • 伊拉克是世界上最古老的连续基督教社区之一

全球人口转变。 今天的基督徒人口主要是非西方的:

  • 大多数基督徒生活在全球南方
  • 非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的基督徒人数超过西方基督徒
  • 移民基督徒正在复兴西方国家的教会

文化适应。 基督教展示了适应多种文化的非凡能力:

  • 像戴德生这样的传教士在中国接受了当地习俗
  • 许多非西方基督徒将其文化遗产与基督教信仰相结合
  • 圣经本身从一开始就呈现出基督教的多元文化愿景

4. 基督教的独特真理主张源于耶稣的独特教义和行为

耶稣宣称统治整个天堂和地球。他自称不是通向上帝的可能路径之一,而是上帝本身。我们可以选择不相信他。但他不能是众多真理中的一个。他没有给我们留下这个选项。

耶稣的自我宣称。 耶稣对自己的身份和权威做出了几项非凡的宣称:

  • 他宣称自己是“道路、真理和生命”(约翰福音14:6)
  • 他声称拥有赦免罪的神圣权利
  • 他宣称对生死的权威

支持宣称的行为。 福音书记录了耶稣执行的只有上帝才能做的行为:

  • 命令自然(如平息风暴)
  • 治愈无法治愈的疾病
  • 使死人复活

逻辑推论。 这些宣称和行为给我们留下了有限的选择:

  • 耶稣要么是骗子,要么是疯子,要么是真正的神
  • 他的教义无法与所有宗教都是真理的观点相调和
  • 如果复活是真实的,它验证了耶稣关于其身份和权威的宣称

5. 人权和道德在基督教神学和伦理中有深厚的根基

不可侵犯的人类尊严、不可剥夺的人权和内在的人类平等的核心人文价值观,无法由最终总会陷入虚无主义的科学自然主义来维持。

历史影响。 基督教在塑造现代人权概念方面发挥了关键作用:

  • 普遍人类尊严的理念源于所有人类都是按上帝形象创造的信仰
  • 早期基督教教义提升了妇女、儿童和奴隶的地位
  • 基督教思想家在制定《世界人权宣言》中起到了重要作用

哲学基础。 基督教神学为人类平等提供了坚实的基础:

  • 按上帝形象创造的教义奠定了普遍人类价值
  • 耶稣的教义和榜样提倡对所有人的激进爱和尊重
  • 将人类视为具有自由意志的道德代理人,支持人权和尊严的概念

世俗挑战。 试图仅在世俗哲学中奠定普遍人权面临困难:

  • 进化生物学本身并不提供人类平等的基础
  • 功利主义方法可以为牺牲个人权利以换取更大利益辩护
  • 唯物主义世界观难以解释人类意识和道德代理

6. 科学和基督教并非天生对立;许多科学家同时接受两者

我是通过量子色动力学和电弱力相互作用的电子和夸克的集合;我是化学元素的异质混合物……我是由遗传密码指导的生化过程系统;但我也是一个由合作细胞组成的庞大而复杂的有机体;我是一个有毛发和温血的哺乳动物;我是一个人、丈夫、情人、父亲;我是一个因恩典得救的罪人。

历史兼容性。 基督教长期以来支持科学探究:

  • 许多早期科学家因其基督教信仰而研究上帝的创造
  • 大学系统成为科学研究的基石,由基督徒创立

现代信仰科学家。 许多当代科学家发现他们的信仰与科学工作之间没有冲突:

  • 领导人类基因组计划的弗朗西斯·柯林斯是虔诚的基督徒
  • 理论物理学家约翰·波尔金霍恩成为了英国国教牧师
  • NASA高级天体物理学家詹妮弗·怀斯曼将她的信仰与科学结合

互补方法。 科学和基督教可以被视为解决现实不同方面的问题:

  • 科学探索物理世界的“如何”
  • 基督教解决意义、目的和伦理的问题
  • 两者都可以为人类存在和宇宙的更全面理解做出贡献

7. 宗教暴力是复杂的;无神论不保证和平

虽然宗教确实激励人们以自我牺牲的方式伤害他人,但声称宗教阻碍道德的说法有三个问题。

过于简化。 声称宗教导致暴力忽视了几个因素:

  • 非宗教意识形态(如共产主义、民族主义)也导致了大规模暴力
  • 许多宗教教义提倡和平并谴责暴力
  • 社会经济和政治因素在被标记为“宗教”的冲突中往往起着重要作用

无神论的记录。 无神论政权也对重大暴力事件负有责任:

  • 苏联、毛泽东统治下的中国和波尔布特统治下的柬埔寨以无神论意识形态的名义犯下暴行
  • 20世纪见证了前所未有的暴力水平,其中许多是由官方无神论国家实施的

复杂动机。 暴力通常源于宗教、文化和政治因素的混合:

  • 宗教文本可以被解释为既支持和平又支持暴力
  • 个人和群体身份,而不仅仅是信仰,在冲突中起作用
  • 经济不平等和权力斗争往往是表面上宗教冲突的根源

8. 基督教提供了一个连贯的世界观,奠定了人类尊严和道德的基础

基督教,事实证明,与我曾经持有的刻板印象完全不同……上帝要的是破碎的人,而不是自以为是的人。救赎不是通过善行赚取某个云端位置。相反,我们无法通过自己的努力与上帝和解。

连贯框架。 基督教提供了一个全面的世界观,解决了基本问题:

  • 起源:人类按上帝形象创造,赋予他们内在的价值
  • 意义:生命作为上帝更大计划的一部分具有目的
  • 道德:客观的道德标准基于上帝的本性
  • 命运:人类历史正朝着最终的解决方向发展

桥接科学和伦理。 基督教提供了一种将科学理解与伦理信仰相结合的方法:

  • 人类既是物质存在(受科学研究)又是精神存在(具有道德价值)
  • 宇宙被视为理性有序的,鼓励科学探索
  • 人类意识和自由意志得到肯定,支持道德责任

基于恩典的伦理。 基督教的伦理体系建立在恩典之上,而不是自以为是:

  • 所有人类都被视为道德上有缺陷的,促进谦卑
  • 宽恕和救赎是核心,提供道德转变的希望
  • 爱他人,包括敌人,是核心伦理原则

最后更新日期:

FAQ

What's "Confronting Christianity: 12 Hard Questions for the World's Largest Religion" about?

  • Exploration of Challenges: The book addresses twelve challenging questions that confront Christianity, aiming to provide thoughtful and empathetic responses.
  • Cultural and Intellectual Engagement: It engages with cultural and intellectual critiques of Christianity, offering a defense that is both rigorous and compassionate.
  • Personal and Global Perspective: The author, Rebecca McLaughlin, combines personal experiences with global perspectives to explore Christianity's relevance and truth claims.

Why should I read "Confronting Christianity"?

  • Intellectual Rigor: The book is praised for its intellectual depth, making it a valuable read for those interested in deepening their understanding of Christianity.
  • Empathetic Approach: McLaughlin approaches tough questions with empathy, making it accessible for both believers and skeptics.
  • Cultural Relevance: It addresses contemporary cultural challenges, making it relevant for today's readers who are navigating faith in a secular world.

What are the key takeaways of "Confronting Christianity"?

  • Diversity and Universality: Christianity is the most ethnically and culturally diverse religion, challenging the notion that it is a Western construct.
  • Historical and Scientific Engagement: The book argues that Christianity is compatible with historical evidence and scientific inquiry.
  • Moral and Ethical Foundations: It posits that Christianity provides a robust foundation for human rights and morality, countering claims that religion hinders ethical progress.

How does Rebecca McLaughlin address the question of religious violence in "Confronting Christianity"?

  • Historical Context: McLaughlin provides historical context for religious violence, such as the Crusades, and contrasts it with the teachings of Jesus.
  • Comparison with Secular Violence: The book compares religious violence with secular atrocities, like those under Communist regimes, to argue that violence is not unique to religion.
  • Christian Ethical Standards: It emphasizes that Christian teachings, particularly those of Jesus, advocate for peace and love, challenging the misuse of religion for violent ends.

What does "Confronting Christianity" say about the relationship between science and faith?

  • Compatibility with Science: The book argues that Christianity and science are not in conflict, highlighting the Christian origins of modern science.
  • Christian Scientists' Perspectives: It includes insights from Christian scientists who find their faith compatible with their scientific work.
  • Misconceptions Addressed: McLaughlin addresses common misconceptions that science has disproven Christianity, providing counterarguments to these claims.

How does "Confronting Christianity" tackle the issue of suffering and a loving God?

  • Theological Insights: The book explores theological perspectives on suffering, emphasizing the Christian belief in a God who suffers with humanity.
  • Historical Examples: It provides historical examples of how Christians have responded to suffering, often with acts of compassion and service.
  • Philosophical Arguments: McLaughlin engages with philosophical arguments about the existence of suffering and the nature of a loving God.

What arguments does "Confronting Christianity" present regarding the Bible and slavery?

  • Historical Context: The book examines the historical context of biblical references to slavery, distinguishing between ancient practices and modern interpretations.
  • Biblical Condemnation: It argues that the Bible ultimately condemns the practice of slavery, highlighting the liberating message of the Gospel.
  • Christian Abolitionists: McLaughlin points to the role of Christians in the abolitionist movement as evidence of the Bible's influence against slavery.

How does "Confronting Christianity" address the question of Christianity and diversity?

  • Global Christianity: The book highlights the global and diverse nature of Christianity, countering the perception that it is a Western religion.
  • Biblical Foundation for Diversity: It emphasizes the biblical foundation for diversity, showing how the early church embraced people from various backgrounds.
  • Contemporary Examples: McLaughlin provides contemporary examples of diverse Christian communities around the world.

What does "Confronting Christianity" say about the exclusivity of Christianity?

  • Jesus' Claims: The book discusses Jesus' claims of exclusivity, such as being the only way to God, and examines their implications.
  • Respectful Dialogue: McLaughlin advocates for respectful dialogue with people of other faiths, while maintaining the truth claims of Christianity.
  • Philosophical Considerations: It explores philosophical considerations of truth and belief, arguing for the rationality of exclusive truth claims.

What are the best quotes from "Confronting Christianity" and what do they mean?

  • Intellectual and Empathetic: Quotes from the book often highlight the balance between intellectual rigor and empathetic understanding in addressing tough questions.
  • Diversity and Unity: McLaughlin's quotes emphasize the diversity within Christianity and the unity it brings across cultural and racial lines.
  • Hope and Transformation: Many quotes focus on the hope and transformative power of the Christian faith, even in the face of difficult questions.

How does "Confronting Christianity" address the question of Christianity and morality?

  • Moral Foundations: The book argues that Christianity provides a strong foundation for morality, rooted in the teachings of Jesus.
  • Historical Influence: It examines the historical influence of Christianity on moral and ethical developments, such as human rights.
  • Critiques of Secular Morality: McLaughlin critiques secular attempts to ground morality without religious foundations, highlighting potential inconsistencies.

What is Rebecca McLaughlin's approach to answering the hard questions in "Confronting Christianity"?

  • Empathetic Engagement: McLaughlin engages with questions empathetically, acknowledging their complexity and the genuine concerns behind them.
  • Intellectual Rigor: She employs intellectual rigor, drawing on historical, philosophical, and scientific evidence to support her arguments.
  • Personal and Global Perspectives: The book combines personal anecdotes with global perspectives, providing a well-rounded approach to each question.

评论

4.31 满分 5
平均评分来自 5k+ 来自Goodreads和亚马逊的评分.

《直面基督教》因其以智慧、优雅和深度处理关于信仰的难题而获得了大量好评。许多读者认为这本书有助于加强他们自己的信仰,并与怀疑者进行交流。一些人批评它没有深入探讨或真正直面基督教的缺陷。作者的个人故事和学术背景被视为其优势。虽然有些人觉得它过于学术化,但其他人则欣赏其对护教学的新鲜视角。总体而言,这本书被誉为对信徒和怀疑者都很有价值的资源。

Your rating:

关于作者

丽贝卡·麦克劳克林是一位学者和作家,拥有剑桥大学的博士学位。她共同创立了Vocable Communications,一家咨询公司,并定期为福音联盟撰稿。麦克劳克林曾在真理论坛工作了九年,促进学者们在大学校园内就人生重大问题进行对话。她的学术背景和与怀疑论者互动的经验塑造了她处理基督教挑战性话题的方法。麦克劳克林的工作旨在弥合知识性讨论与信仰之间的鸿沟,使复杂的神学概念对更广泛的受众变得易于理解。

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