重点摘要
1. 后现代主义:对客观真理和权力结构的激进怀疑
后现代主义以对客观真理的可达性持激进怀疑态度为特征。
拒绝元叙事。 后现代主义在20世纪60年代作为对现代主义和现代性的反应而出现。它拒绝了基督教、马克思主义和科学进步等世界的宏大解释(元叙事)。米歇尔·福柯、雅克·德里达和让-弗朗索瓦·利奥塔等关键思想家发展了以两个核心原则为中心的理论:
- 后现代知识原则:对客观真理的激进怀疑;知识是社会建构的
- 后现代政治原则:社会由决定可知内容的权力系统组成
四个关键主题。 后现代主义的特点是:
- 模糊概念之间的界限
- 关注语言塑造现实的力量
- 文化相对主义
- 拒绝普遍真理,转而强调群体身份
2. 应用后现代主义:将理论付诸行动以实现社会变革
理论不能满足于虚无主义的绝望。它需要行动,需要可操作的东西。
从解构到行动主义。 在20世纪80年代末和90年代初,后现代思想演变为更具操作性的理论形式。这种“应用后现代主义”保留了核心后现代原则,但用它们来发展后殖民理论、酷儿理论和批判种族理论等领域。目标从无休止的解构转向根据这些理论积极改变社会。
关键发展:
- 接受关于压迫的一些客观真理
- 关注身份和生活经验作为知识来源
- 发展交叉性以分析重叠的压迫
- 强调通过改变话语和语言来实现社会变革
应用后现代主义为现代社会正义行动奠定了基础,提供了身份政治和激进社会变革的理论依据。
3. 后殖民理论:解构西方霸权并赋权“他者”
后殖民主义将这一项目限制在围绕殖民主义的问题上。
挑战西方叙事。 后殖民理论由爱德华·萨义德、盖亚特里·斯皮瓦克和霍米·巴巴等思想家发展,旨在解构西方文化霸权并赋权曾经被殖民的民族。它关注西方话语如何构建和从属“他者”。
关键概念:
- 东方主义:西方对“东方”的居高临下的描述
- 亚替:被排除在权力结构之外的边缘群体
- 混杂性:殖民主义导致的文化混合
实际影响:
- 通过批判西方中心的课程来“去殖民化”教育
- 推动重视非西方知识方式的“研究正义”
- 挑战作为西方固有的科学和理性主义方法
尽管提出了关于文化再现的重要问题,后殖民理论也因延续有害的刻板印象和削弱普遍人权而受到批评。
4. 酷儿理论:挑战和颠覆社会性别和性取向规范
酷儿理论是关于从正常中解放出来,特别是在性别和性取向规范方面。
去稳定化类别。 受朱迪斯·巴特勒等思想家的影响,酷儿理论试图挑战和颠覆围绕性别和性取向的社会规范。它认为这些类别是限制人类自由和表达的社会建构。
核心思想:
- 性别表演性:性别是我们“做”的,而不是我们“是”的
- 强制异性恋:社会压力要求符合异性恋规范
- 酷儿化:故意扰乱和复杂化既定类别
影响和批评:
- 扩展对性别和性取向多样性的理解
- 影响跨性别行动主义和权利运动
- 因忽视生物现实和促进混乱而受到批评
- 可能削弱同性恋和女同性恋身份政治
酷儿理论对扰乱规范的关注产生了重大文化影响,但即使在LGBT社区内也仍然存在争议。
5. 批判种族理论:揭露系统性种族主义和白人特权
批判种族理论认为种族是为了维持白人特权和白人至上而创造的社会建构。
种族主义是普遍和系统性的。 批判种族理论(CRT)由德里克·贝尔和金伯利·克伦肖等法律学者发展,认为种族主义不仅是个人偏见,而是社会的系统性特征,维持白人主导地位。
关键原则:
- 种族主义是普通的,而不是异常的
- 种族是社会建构,而不是生物现实
- 白人特权:与白人身份相关的法律和社会特权
- 利益趋同:种族进步只有在有利于白人精英时才会发生
应用和争议:
- 分析法律、教育和其他机构中的种族差异
- 推动种族意识政策以解决系统性不平等
- 因促进种族本质主义和削弱色盲理想而受到批评
- 关于在学校和工作场所培训中教授CRT概念的辩论
CRT变得越来越有影响力,但也高度争议,特别是在教育和社会政策的辩论中。
6. 交叉性:理解重叠的压迫系统
交叉性是一种理解和分析世界、人类和人类经验复杂性的方法。
多重身份,多重压迫。 交叉性是由金伯利·克伦肖提出的概念,研究不同形式的社会分类和歧视(如种族、性别和阶级)如何相互作用和重叠,创造出独特的压迫经验。
关键方面:
- 认识到个人可能面临多重、交叉的歧视形式
- 挑战关于身份和压迫的单轴思维
- 强调考虑多种观点和经验的重要性
对行动主义和学术的影响:
- 提供更细致分析社会不平等的框架
- 影响关于歧视和平等的政策讨论
- 因可能创造受害者等级而受到批评
- 关于如何实际应用交叉性思维的辩论
交叉性已成为当代社会正义行动和学术讨论的核心概念。
7. 社会正义学术:将后现代原则具体化为绝对真理
社会正义学术代表了后现代主义的演变到第三阶段:其作为具体化后现代主义的顶峰。
从怀疑到确定。 自2010年左右以来,后现代思想演变为一种社会正义学术形式,将后现代原则视为关于社会的绝对真理。这种“具体化后现代主义”结合了各种批判理论的元素,形成了一种全能的世界观。
特点:
- 对系统性压迫和权力结构的绝对信念
- 拒绝客观性和普遍真理,转而强调“生活经验”
- 关注语言和话语作为压迫和抵抗的主要场所
- 强调“去殖民化”知识和机构
对学术界和社会的影响:
- 发展新的学术领域和方法论
- 影响企业多样性和包容性举措
- 影响关于身份和社会正义问题的公共话语
- 因促进意识形态一致性和压制辩论而受到批评
社会正义学术在学术界、行动主义和流行文化中变得越来越有影响力,但因其教条式方法而面临越来越多的批评。
8. 理论的危险:削弱自由主义、理性和社会进步
理论并未局限于学术界。首先是应用,然后是具体化,后现代主义以社会正义的形式离开了大学,通过毕业生和社交媒体以及行动主义新闻传播开来,带有福音般的热情。
对自由社会的威胁。 作者认为,理论的传播对自由民主、科学探究和社会进步构成了重大威胁。通过拒绝客观真理和普遍价值,理论削弱了理性话语和有效解决问题的基础。
负面影响:
- 推动身份政治而非普遍人权
- 削弱对科学方法和理性探究的信心
- 鼓励自我审查和限制言论自由
- 可能助长右翼反弹和极化
现实世界的后果:
- 校园抗议和“取消文化”事件
- 企业多样性培训推广种族和性别的本质主义观点
- 为追求“去殖民化”而削弱学术标准
- 削弱自由机构和规范
作者认为,尽管理论提出了重要问题,但其当前的表现形式威胁到它声称要促进的进步。
9. 自由主义的替代方案:拥抱普遍人权和观点多样性
自由主义接受批评,甚至是对自身的批评,因此是自我纠正的;理论不能被批评。
重拾自由主义价值观。 作者提出回归自由主义原则作为理论分裂性身份政治的替代方案。这种方法强调普遍人权、理性和公开辩论来解决社会问题。
自由主义替代方案的关键方面:
- 致力于个人权利和法律下的平等对待
- 相信通过科学探究获得客观知识的可能性
- 强调观点多样性和言论自由
- 承认进步,同时承认持续的挑战
前进的方向:
- 保护自由机构免受意识形态的侵蚀
- 推广“自由科学”作为知识生产的方法
- 鼓励对有争议问题的善意辩论
- 在不诉诸本质主义或相对主义的情况下解决真正的不平等
作者认为,尽管自由主义有其缺陷,但它仍然是实现真正社会正义和人类繁荣的最佳框架。
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FAQ
What's Cynical Theories about?
- Exploration of Postmodernism: The book examines the development of postmodern thought over the past fifty years and its impact on modern scholarship and activism.
- Critique of Social Justice: It argues that the spread of postmodern ideas poses an authoritarian threat to liberal democracy and modernity.
- Focus on Identity Politics: Authors Helen Pluckrose and James Lindsay explore how postmodernism has fueled the rise of identity politics and its societal implications.
Why should I read Cynical Theories?
- Understanding Current Issues: The book offers insights into cultural and ideological battles shaping society, especially concerning race, gender, and identity.
- Critical Perspective: It provides a critical view of the Social Justice Movement, which is gaining influence in academia and beyond.
- Accessible to Laypersons: Written for those without a background in this scholarship, it aims to clarify complex ideas and their real-world effects.
What are the key takeaways of Cynical Theories?
- Postmodernism's Influence: The book highlights how postmodernism has become a dominant ideology in social and political discourse.
- Social Justice as a New Religion: It suggests that Social Justice has become dogmatic, replacing traditional belief systems with its own truths.
- Need for Liberalism: The authors advocate for a return to liberal principles, emphasizing individual rights and universal human dignity over identity politics.
How does Cynical Theories define postmodernism?
- Radical Skepticism: Postmodernism is marked by skepticism about the possibility of objective knowledge and truth.
- Cultural Constructivism: It views knowledge as socially constructed and influenced by power dynamics, making all truths relative.
- Rejection of Metanarratives: Postmodernism dismisses overarching narratives like religion or science, seeing them as oppressive tools.
What is the definition of "Social Justice" in Cynical Theories?
- Capitalized vs. Lowercase: "Social Justice" (capitalized) is a specific ideological movement, while "social justice" (lowercase) is a broader concept of fairness and equality.
- Ideological Framework: "Social Justice" refers to a doctrinal interpretation with strict orthodoxy on race, gender, and identity issues.
- Critique of Exclusivity: The book argues that this movement often undermines genuine social justice by prioritizing group identity over individual merit.
What are the two principles of postmodernism discussed in Cynical Theories?
- Postmodern Knowledge Principle: Emphasizes skepticism about objective knowledge and cultural constructivism, suggesting all knowledge is socially influenced.
- Postmodern Political Principle: Asserts that societal power structures dictate knowledge, often marginalizing certain voices.
- Interconnectedness: Both principles are linked, as rejecting objective truth supports the view that power dynamics shape knowledge.
How does Cynical Theories address the concept of "identity politics"?
- Identity Politics Defined: It refers to political positions based on social group interests, emphasizing group identity over individual traits.
- Critique of Exclusivity: The authors argue that identity politics can lead to authoritarianism, silencing dissenting voices for a singular narrative.
- Impact on Discourse: The book discusses how identity politics shapes discussions on race, gender, and sexuality, often in exclusionary ways.
What is intersectionality, and how is it presented in Cynical Theories?
- Definition of Intersectionality: A framework for understanding how various identities (race, gender, class) intersect to create unique oppression experiences.
- Critique of Simplification: The authors argue it can oversimplify social dynamics by reducing individuals to identity categories.
- Political Implications: The book suggests intersectionality has become a tool for identity politics, leading to divisive practices.
How do the authors define "liberal science" in Cynical Theories?
- Definition of Liberal Science: A method of knowledge production emphasizing skepticism and empirical evidence, with no final say or personal authority in truth.
- Importance of Open Debate: Encourages open debate and free exchange of ideas, essential for discovering truth.
- Self-Correcting Nature: Liberal science is self-correcting, refining ideas over time, crucial for advancing knowledge and addressing societal issues.
What criticisms do the authors have regarding fat studies and fat activism in Cynical Theories?
- Ideological Framework: Criticizes fat studies for dismissing scientific evidence on obesity and health, leading to harmful consequences.
- Rejection of Medical Science: Argues that fat activism's preference for "embodied community knowledge" undermines obesity's seriousness as a health concern.
- Need for Nuanced Discussion: Advocates for discussions considering psychological and physiological factors, essential for effective advocacy.
How does Cynical Theories address the relationship between language and power?
- Language as a Tool of Power: Language shapes social realities and power dynamics, reinforcing or challenging structures.
- Critique of Language Policing: Critiques Social Justice movements' tendency to police language, which can stifle debate and understanding.
- Importance of Open Discourse: Advocates for open discourse, allowing free exchange of ideas, essential for addressing social injustices.
What solutions do the authors propose for addressing the issues raised in Cynical Theories?
- Reinstate Liberal Principles: Proposes a return to liberal principles emphasizing individual rights, reason, and evidence-based knowledge.
- Engage in Open Debate: Advocates for open debate and critical discussions, rather than silencing dissenting voices.
- Reject Ideological Imposition: Calls for rejecting ideological beliefs' imposition, maintaining free speech and open inquiry for a healthy society.
评论
《犬儒理论》因其对后现代理论及其对社会正义运动的影响的深入分析而获得了大多数积极评价。读者欣赏书中对各种批判理论及其演变的详细考察。尽管有些人觉得内容晦涩且学术性强,但许多人认为这是理解当前文化辩论的必读书籍。批评者认为该书夸大了后现代主义的影响,并忽视了持续存在的社会不平等。总体而言,评论者赞扬了作者对自由主义的辩护以及他们对基于身份的激进主义中有害方面的批判。