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Teachers as Architects of Learning

Teachers as Architects of Learning

Twelve Constructs to Design and Configure Successful Learning Experiences, Second Edition
作者 Gavin Grift 2020 176 页数
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重点摘要

1. 教师如同建筑师:设计和配置成功的学习体验

“我们设计、计划和组织学习,就像建筑师设计、计划和组织建筑或结构一样。”

转向学习为中心。 教师必须从以教学为中心的方式转变为以学习为中心的方式。这涉及理解学习过程、讨论学习以及以有利于学习者的方式反思学习。通过这样做,教师可以增加满足学习者需求的可能性,并缩小计划、教学方式和学生实际学习之间的差距。

十二个学习构建要素。 书中介绍了教师在设计学习体验时应考虑的十二个关键构建要素:

  • 提问
  • 自我评估
  • 观察和倾听
  • 明确的指导
  • 示范和范例
  • 支持和安全
  • 时间
  • 期望
  • 生活世界
  • 欲望
  • 资源
  • 现有知识

这些构建要素为教师创造成功的学习体验提供了框架,确保学习而非教学成为课堂的中心。

2. 提问:有效教学和学习的基础

“有效使用提问可以确保教师和学生了解学习者的理解程度,激发学生进一步学习的动力,并促进一种以好奇心、惊奇和相互尊重为特征的课堂文化,同时将学习作为首要任务。”

目的和实践。 有效的提问有多种目的:

  • 吸引和激发学习者的兴趣
  • 挑战现有态度和信念
  • 激发对现有知识的回忆
  • 将思维集中在关键概念上
  • 促进高阶思维

为了实施有效的提问,教师应:

  • 每个问题都有明确的目的
  • 促进安全和支持性的提问环境
  • 发展富有成效的提问实践

创建提问文化。 在有效使用提问的课堂中,你会看到:

  • 学生将已有知识与当前内容联系起来
  • 教师在整个课程中分享准备好的问题
  • 提问后的适当等待时间
  • 以成长和发现为重点的对话
  • 旨在引出特定回应的有目的提问

3. 自我评估:通过反思和反馈赋能学生

“通过支持学生发展自我评估技能并为他们提供向教师反馈的机会,教师可以确保创建一个具有高期望、积极自我信念、高自我效能感、高参与度、赋予学生在学习中做出积极决策的权力以及以学习为中心的合作关系的学习文化。”

反馈动态的转变。 传统教学通常涉及教师测试学生并提供反馈。然而,研究表明,学生向教师提供反馈对学习结果的影响最大。这一认识需要在评估实践中进行转变,从以教师为中心的过程转向以学习者为中心的过程。

实施自我评估策略。 教师可以通过以下方式支持自我评估:

  • 明确教授自我评估技能
  • 提供时间让学生确定学习目标
  • 使用学习连续体和地图
  • 鼓励在学习过程中和之后进行反思
  • 促进关于学习的合作讨论

自我评估工具包括:

  • 学习连续体
  • 学习地图
  • 反思模板
  • 评分标准

4. 观察和倾听:课堂中感官学习的力量

“学生感到安全、被认可和被重视的关键在于教师能够展示和促进深度的同理心倾听,使每个人都能在一段时间内站在彼此的立场上。”

高度的意识。 有效使用观察和倾听的教师:

  • 了解学生对学习的感受
  • 识别对学生有效的和具有挑战性的内容
  • 示范学习过程的关键要素

有效观察和倾听的策略:

  • 明确知道在学生作品和互动中要观察和倾听什么
  • 示范成功的作品应该是什么样子和听起来是什么样子
  • 在学习体验中建立反思时间
  • 以非评判的方式收集数据
  • 使用关于表现的轶事笔记
  • 向学生询问对示范或过程的见解
  • 使用学习档案和学生主导的会议

通过实施这些策略,教师可以创建一个学生感到被倾听、被理解和在学习旅程中得到支持的学习环境。

5. 明确的指导:教学中清晰和结构化的理解

“明确的指导是一个过程,涉及讲解、示范,然后指导,直到学生获得独立。”

明确指导的四个要素。 为了有效实施明确的指导,教师应关注:

  1. 引起注意:明确学习目的并迎合学习偏好
  2. 促进学习记忆:通过各种策略帮助学生保留信息
  3. 提供重复学习的机会:给学生练习所学内容的机会
  4. 提供展示学习的机会:让学生展示他们的掌握或知识转移

明确指导的好处。 当有效使用时,明确的指导:

  • 帮助学生理解任务中涉及的思维和过程
  • 提供工具和心理模型以处理复杂任务
  • 让学生清楚地了解成功的样子
  • 明确地将对话集中在学习和预期结果上

明确的指导在介绍新概念、教授复杂过程或练习关键技能和策略时特别有用。

6. 示范和范例:展示成功的路径

“如果我们希望学生成功,有效的教师会为学生提供看到成功和失败样子的机会,从而通过研究相似性和差异性来学习。”

示范的力量。 示范和范例为学生提供:

  • 通过视觉和听觉途径排练、强化和修正学习
  • 锚定他们理解的心理模型
  • 教师和学生期望的基准

有效示范的策略:

  • 通过不同的方式(视觉、听觉、动觉)展示学习
  • 包括合作小组
  • 大声思考示范
  • 使用社会思维鼓励学生示范
  • 提供反馈机会
  • 利用数字途径进行示范
  • 最大化同伴教学
  • 提供成功和失败的工作范例

当有效使用示范和范例时,学生对学习过程变得清晰,参与更深入,并对自己的进步充满信心。

7. 支持和安全:创造有利于学习的环境

“课堂必须感觉安全和有保障。”

建立支持性环境。 安全和支持性的课堂允许学生:

  • 犯错
  • 无惧嘲笑地贡献
  • 接受和提供建设性反馈
  • 做自己并进行创造性思考
  • 提问并被倾听
  • 反思和评估自己的工作

三类支持:

  1. 认知学习支持:

    • 反思和学习巩固的时间
    • 将元认知融入学习过程
    • 使用图形组织工具
  2. 行为学习支持:

    • 使用强化
    • 塑造学习行为
    • 发展学生主导的学习目标
  3. 结构支持:

    • 提供示例和替代方法
    • 通过会议提供反馈
    • 表达积极的期望
    • 使用社会学习支持
    • 创建班级学习计划

通过实施这些支持策略,教师可以创建一个学生感到安全探索、敢于冒险并充分参与学习过程的环境。

8. 时间:学习过程中的关键变量

“我们不能延长一天的时间,但我们可以增加或减少给学生支持学习的时间。”

灵活使用时间。 教师应将时间视为一个可以操控的变量,以确保学习成功。这涉及:

  • 摆脱僵化的逐周计划
  • 允许差异化并在当下响应学生需求
  • 专注于有意的集中而不仅仅是覆盖材料

有效使用时间的策略:

  • 优先考虑高杠杆标准并深入探讨
  • 审查并消除不贡献于基本学习的项目
  • 围绕关键概念而非设定活动进行教学计划
  • 真实地整合跨学科学习
  • 持续审查工作以检查理解
  • 提供重复和复制的机会
  • 鼓励记忆关键概念
  • 找时间提供反馈

通过有意识地考虑学习过程中的时间,教师可以创建一个更具响应性和有效的学习环境,迎合个别学生的需求并促进更深的理解。

9. 期望:设定学生成就的标准

“你得到你所期望的。所以重要的问题是,你在期望什么?”

期望的清晰性。 为了优化学习体验,教师需要明确他们对以下方面的期望:

  • 关键概念:学生在概念层面上应该理解什么
  • 关键知识:学生应该知道的具体信息
  • 关键技能:学生应该能够用他们的知识做什么
  • 关键证据:学生将如何展示他们的理解

创建高期望文化。 有效使用期望包括:

  • 清晰一致地传达期望
  • 在工作开始、进行中和结束时设定期望
  • 给学生机会练习和深化理解
  • 将评估任务与所教的知识、技能和态度对齐

当期望被有效传达和坚持时,学生表现出更高的成就水平,参与更深入的对话,并对他们的学习承担更大的责任。

10. 生活世界:将学习与学生的日常经验联系起来

“学生常常认为学习是对他们进行的某种操作,与他们的日常生活无关。”

理解生活世界。 生活世界是学生生活的时间和空间,包括他们对日常生活的想法、感受和观点。通过将学习与学生的生活世界联系起来,教师可以增加动机和学习成功。

将学习与生活世界联系的策略:

  • 提供机会让学生在课堂上成为专家
  • 发现学生的兴趣点
  • 与学生一起玩乐
  • 表现出兴趣而不干涉
  • 给学生学习的选择权
  • 理解并融入学生的技术交流
  • 合作构建学习体验

通过实施这些策略,教师可以创建一个尊重学生经验、兴趣和观点的学习环境,从而增加参与度并实现更有意义的学习成果。

11. 欲望:点燃学习的动机

“欲望由动机和兴趣驱动,反之亦然。当我们渴望学习某件事时,我们更自然地对其感兴趣和有动力,尽管欲望也可以随着时间的推移而增长。”

培养学习欲望。 教师可以通过以下方式激发学习兴趣和欲望:

  • 规划显示清晰联系的教学和学习序列
  • 让学生产生重要的成果或产品
  • 在学习的各个阶段引入协商
  • 强调最重要的内容
  • 从学生和社区关注的问题中生成主题
  • 将课堂建设为研究中心
  • 让学生参与生成自己的知识
  • 使用与学生兴趣相关的综合方法

创建有趣的学习环境。 游戏性可以通过以下方式增加学习欲望:

  • 鼓励试错
  • 提供非结构化时间探索新信息
  • 发展“新想法”和“我想知道”涂鸦板
  • 积极教授创造力
  • 以有趣的方式使用技术

通过专注于激发欲望和创造有趣的学习体验,教师可以增加学生的动机并加深学习成果。

12. 资源和现有知识:在基础上构建有效学习

“为了有效设计学习体验,我们需要基于学生的现有知识。”

利用资源。 有效使用资源包括:

  • 将资源与预期的学习成果对齐
  • 使用资源生成理解、集中注意力和支架学习
  • 提供练习和巩固的机会
  • 支持学生表达他们的学习

利用现有知识。 教师应:

  • 开发评估学生现有知识的工具(如思维工具、讨论工具)
  • 鼓励学生将新信息与现有知识联系起来
  • 明确指出与先前知识的联系
  • 使用提问来提示与现有知识的联系

通过仔细考虑和利用资源和学生的现有知识,教师可以创建更高效和有效的学习体验,在学生的基础上构建并引导更深的理解。

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FAQ

What's "Teachers as Architects of Learning" about?

  • Focus on Learning Design: The book emphasizes the role of teachers as designers of learning experiences, akin to architects who plan and construct buildings.
  • Twelve Constructs: It introduces twelve constructs that are essential for creating successful learning experiences, such as questioning, self-assessment, and explicit instruction.
  • Research-Based Strategies: The authors provide evidence-based strategies to enhance teaching practices and improve student learning outcomes.
  • Reflective Practice: It encourages teachers to reflect on their practices and make informed decisions to support student learning.

Why should I read "Teachers as Architects of Learning"?

  • Practical Guidance: The book offers practical strategies and tools that teachers can implement in their classrooms to improve learning outcomes.
  • Comprehensive Framework: It provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and applying the twelve constructs in various educational settings.
  • Professional Growth: Reading the book can help educators develop their teaching wisdom and become more effective in their roles.
  • Research-Backed Insights: The book is grounded in research, offering insights into effective teaching practices and learning theories.

What are the key takeaways of "Teachers as Architects of Learning"?

  • Twelve Constructs: Understanding and applying the twelve constructs can significantly enhance the learning experience for students.
  • Reflective Practice: Teachers should engage in reflective practice to continuously improve their teaching methods and strategies.
  • Student-Centered Learning: The book emphasizes the importance of focusing on student learning rather than just teaching content.
  • Collaboration and Support: Building a supportive and collaborative learning environment is crucial for student success.

How does "Teachers as Architects of Learning" define the role of a teacher?

  • Architect of Learning: Teachers are seen as architects who design and configure learning experiences to meet the needs of their students.
  • Facilitator of Learning: They facilitate learning by creating environments that encourage exploration, questioning, and reflection.
  • Reflective Practitioner: Teachers are encouraged to reflect on their practices and make adjustments to improve student outcomes.
  • Collaborative Partner: They work collaboratively with students, colleagues, and the community to enhance the learning experience.

What are the twelve constructs mentioned in "Teachers as Architects of Learning"?

  • Questioning: Effective questioning strategies to engage students and promote deeper understanding.
  • Self-Assessment: Encouraging students to reflect on their learning and provide feedback to teachers.
  • Observing and Listening: Using observation and listening skills to understand student needs and guide instruction.
  • Explicit Instruction: Providing clear and direct instruction to support student learning.
  • Modeling and Exemplars: Demonstrating successful behaviors and providing examples of high-quality work.
  • Support and Safety: Creating a safe and supportive learning environment for all students.
  • Time: Managing time effectively to maximize learning opportunities.
  • Expectation: Setting high expectations for student achievement and behavior.
  • Lifeworlds: Connecting learning to students' real-world experiences and interests.
  • Desire: Fostering a desire to learn by making learning relevant and engaging.
  • Resources: Utilizing appropriate resources to support and enhance learning.
  • Existing Knowledge: Building on students' prior knowledge to facilitate new learning.

How can teachers apply the construct of "Questioning" from "Teachers as Architects of Learning"?

  • Purposeful Questions: Teachers should plan questions that align with learning objectives and encourage critical thinking.
  • Safe Environment: Create a classroom environment where students feel comfortable asking and answering questions.
  • Variety of Questions: Use a mix of open-ended and closed questions to stimulate different levels of thinking.
  • Reflective Practice: Encourage students to reflect on their answers and the questions posed to deepen understanding.

What strategies does "Teachers as Architects of Learning" suggest for "Self-Assessment"?

  • Reflection Opportunities: Provide students with regular opportunities to reflect on their learning and progress.
  • Feedback Mechanisms: Implement feedback loops where students can give and receive constructive feedback.
  • Goal Setting: Encourage students to set personal learning goals and assess their progress toward achieving them.
  • Use of Tools: Utilize tools like learning continuums and maps to help students self-assess and track their learning journey.

How does "Teachers as Architects of Learning" address "Support and Safety" in the classroom?

  • Trust Building: Establish a classroom culture based on trust and mutual respect to encourage risk-taking in learning.
  • Scaffolding: Provide cognitive, behavioral, and structural support to help students succeed.
  • Safe Environment: Ensure the physical and emotional safety of students to foster a conducive learning atmosphere.
  • Positive Reinforcement: Use positive reinforcement to encourage desired behaviors and learning outcomes.

What role do "Lifeworlds" play in "Teachers as Architects of Learning"?

  • Real-World Connections: Connect classroom learning to students' real-world experiences and interests to increase engagement.
  • Student Expertise: Allow students to share their knowledge and experiences, positioning them as experts in certain areas.
  • Cultural Relevance: Incorporate culturally relevant materials and examples to make learning more meaningful.
  • Personalized Learning: Tailor learning experiences to align with students' lifeworlds, enhancing motivation and understanding.

How does "Teachers as Architects of Learning" suggest managing "Time" effectively?

  • Prioritization: Focus on high-leverage standards and essential learnings to make the most of instructional time.
  • Flexible Planning: Avoid rigid week-by-week planning; instead, allow for flexibility to address student needs.
  • Reflection Time: Allocate time for reflection and feedback to consolidate learning and inform future instruction.
  • Practice Opportunities: Provide ample time for students to practice and apply new skills and knowledge.

What are some of the best quotes from "Teachers as Architects of Learning" and what do they mean?

  • "Teachers as Architects": This metaphor highlights the role of teachers in designing and constructing effective learning experiences.
  • "Reflective Practice": Emphasizes the importance of teachers reflecting on their practices to improve student outcomes.
  • "Learning-Centered": Focuses on the shift from teaching content to facilitating student learning and understanding.
  • "Collaborative Culture": Stresses the need for collaboration among teachers, students, and the community to enhance learning.

How can "Teachers as Architects of Learning" help in professional development?

  • Framework for Growth: Provides a structured framework for teachers to reflect on and improve their practices.
  • Evidence-Based Strategies: Offers research-backed strategies that teachers can implement to enhance their effectiveness.
  • Collaborative Learning: Encourages collaboration among educators to share insights and best practices.
  • Continuous Improvement: Supports ongoing professional development through reflection, feedback, and adaptation of teaching methods.

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