重点摘要
1. 接纳真正的包容性:所有学生都属于所有教育者
“你的学生,我的学生,我们的学生”
转变心态。 真正的包容性需要从将残障学生视为“特殊教育学生”转变为认识到所有学生都属于所有教育者。这意味着不仅仅是将学生安置在普通教育课堂中,而是确保每个学生都能全面参与并获得支持。
消除标签。 标签和残障类别往往会导致期望降低和服务隔离。相反,应关注每个学生的个体需求,并在普通教育环境中提供适当的支持。使用以人为本的语言,避免通过残障来定义学生。
通用设计。 实施通用学习设计原则,创建能够适应多样化学习者的灵活学习环境。这种积极的做法不仅有利于有明确残障的学生,也有利于所有学生。例子包括:
- 提供多种表现形式(如视觉和听觉)
- 允许多种表达方式(如写作、口述、绘画)
- 提供多种参与方式(如动手活动、技术)
2. 重新定义最少限制环境(LRE)以实现公平教育
“我们能做的最不危险的假设是学生会学习并拥有美好生活。我们能做的最危险的假设是学生会失败。”
假定能力。 从假设所有学生都能在普通教育环境中有意义地学习和参与开始,并提供适当的支持。这将证明包容性准备的负担转移到识别成功所需的必要调整上。
技能融合网格。 使用技能融合网格来映射如何在自然环境和日常活动中实现个别教育计划(IEP)目标。这个工具帮助团队在普通教育中识别真实的技能练习机会,而不是将学生拉出来进行孤立的教学。
灵活支持。 摆脱基于残障标签的僵化安置决策。相反,提供可以根据个体学生需求调整的支持连续体。这可能包括:
- 特殊教育教师或助教在课堂内的支持
- 辅助技术和调整
- 同伴支持和协作学习结构
- 普通教育和特殊教育教师之间的咨询
3. 通过协作发挥所有教育者的优势
“普通教育教师了解内容,特殊教育教师了解干预的格言已经过时,必须改变。”
重新定义角色。 超越普通教育和特殊教育之间的传统划分。所有教育者都应对所有学生的教学、评估、沟通、领导和记录保持负责。这需要重新定义角色和对协作团队工作的期望。
提升能力。 提供持续的专业发展,以提升所有员工在包容性实践中的能力。这包括培训普通教育教师进行差异化教学和专门设计的教学,同时加深特殊教育教师的内容知识。交叉培训相关服务提供者,以支持普通教育环境中的学生。
共同规划时间。 优先安排普通教育和特殊教育教师的共同规划时间,以协作制定课程、教学和个别学生需求。利用这段时间来:
- 共同规划课程和单元
- 解决问题
- 审查学生数据和进展
- 设计调整和修改
4. 实施共同教学模式以实现有效的教学和干预
“在真正的共同教学中,有共同规划、共同教学、共同评估和共同反思。”
多种模式。 利用不同的共同教学模式来满足多样化的学生需求,包括:
- 一教一助
- 站点教学
- 平行教学
- 替代教学
- 团队教学
共同责任。 两位教师都应在规划、教学、评估和课堂管理中发挥积极作用。避免将特殊教育教师降为助理角色。相反,利用每位教师的独特专长来惠及所有学生。
逐步释放框架。 使用逐步释放责任框架来结构共同教学的课程:
- 集中教学(“我做”)
- 引导教学(“我们做”)
- 协作学习(“你们一起做”)
- 独立练习(“你自己做”)
这为课程中的差异化和小组教学提供了多种机会。
5. 尊重学生的愿望以制定有意义的IEP目标
“目标是我们应该与学生一起制定的,而不是为他们制定的。”
以人为本的规划。 使用以人为本的规划方法,如MAPs(行动计划制定),来识别学生的优势、兴趣和愿望。从学生对未来的愿景开始,推动目标设定和过渡规划。
有意义的目标。 制定与学生愿望相关的IEP目标,并在他们的生活中产生有意义的影响。超越孤立的技能发展,关注技能在真实情境中的应用。
学生声音。 从早期开始积极让学生参与IEP过程。教授自我倡导技能,并为学生提供领导自己IEP会议的机会。使用工具如:
- 学生主导的IEP
- 一页简介
- 目标达成量表
6. 进行公平审计以识别和解决包容性障碍
“公平审计可以揭示关于学校和学生、教师、家庭及社区成员看法的不舒服的真相。”
系统审查。 定期进行公平审计,检查与包容性相关的政策、实践和结果。查看以下数据:
- 安置决策
- 纪律措施
- 高级课程的访问
- 课外活动参与
- 毕业后结果
多种视角。 收集来自多样化利益相关者的意见,包括学生、家庭、教育者和社区成员。使用调查、焦点小组和个别访谈来捕捉各种经验和看法。
行动计划。 使用审计结果制定具体的行动计划以解决不公平现象。设定可衡量的目标,确定责任人,并建立实施时间表。定期审查进展并根据需要调整策略。
7. 不懈追求变革以实现包容性教育
“变革始于个人,但并不止于此。”
建立社会资本。 在所有利益相关者中培养对包容性的共同愿景和承诺。发展信任关系和开放的沟通渠道,以支持协作解决问题。
系统变革。 在多个层面上解决包容性的系统性障碍:
- 课堂实践
- 学校政策和程序
- 区域资源分配
- 州和联邦法规
持续改进。 将包容性视为一个不断成长和完善的过程,而不是一个固定的目标。定期评估进展,庆祝成功,并识别需要继续改进的领域。保持紧迫感,同时认识到有意义的变革需要时间和持续的努力。
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FAQ
What's "Your Students, My Students, Our Students" about?
- Inclusive Education Focus: The book explores how to create equitable and inclusive classrooms by integrating students with disabilities into general education settings.
- Authors' Expertise: Written by Lee Ann Jung, Nancy Frey, Douglas Fisher, and Julie Kroener, it draws on their extensive experience in education and special education.
- Practical Strategies: It provides practical strategies for educators to rethink and redesign their approaches to inclusion and equity in schools.
- Systemic Change: The book emphasizes the need for systemic change in educational practices to ensure all students receive a meaningful education.
Why should I read "Your Students, My Students, Our Students"?
- Equity and Inclusion: It offers insights into creating a more equitable education system that benefits all students, including those with disabilities.
- Real-Life Examples: The book includes real-life stories and examples that illustrate the impact of inclusive practices on students' lives.
- Actionable Advice: Readers will find actionable advice and strategies that can be implemented in their own classrooms and schools.
- Broader Implications: It discusses the broader social implications of inclusive education, such as fostering a more inclusive society.
What are the key takeaways of "Your Students, My Students, Our Students"?
- Inclusive Culture: Establishing a culture of equity and inclusion is foundational for successful inclusive education.
- Collaborative Efforts: Collaboration among educators, students, and families is crucial for effective inclusion.
- Role Redefinition: The roles of general and special educators need to be redefined to support inclusive practices.
- Student-Centered Goals: Setting goals that align with students' aspirations is essential for meaningful education.
How does "Your Students, My Students, Our Students" define inclusive education?
- Equitable Access: Inclusive education is defined as providing equitable access to the general curriculum for all students, regardless of their abilities.
- Shared Responsibility: It involves shared responsibility among all educators to support every student's learning needs.
- Focus on Strengths: The approach emphasizes leveraging the strengths of all educators and students to create a supportive learning environment.
- Continuous Improvement: Inclusive education is seen as a dynamic process that requires ongoing reflection and adaptation.
What are the best quotes from "Your Students, My Students, Our Students" and what do they mean?
- "Show me your master schedule, and I'll tell you what your values are.": This quote highlights the importance of school schedules reflecting inclusive values and priorities.
- "Students with disabilities do not have 'special needs'; they have special rights.": It emphasizes the legal and moral obligation to provide equitable education to students with disabilities.
- "The least dangerous assumption we can make is that students will learn and that they will have amazing lives.": This quote encourages educators to maintain high expectations for all students.
- "Every student in the building is our student first and foremost.": It underscores the collective responsibility of all educators to support every student's learning.
How does "Your Students, My Students, Our Students" suggest implementing inclusive practices?
- Infused Skills Grid: Use tools like the infused skills grid to identify opportunities for students to work on their goals within general education settings.
- Co-Teaching Models: Implement various co-teaching models to maximize the strengths of both general and special educators.
- Role Release: Encourage role release, where specialists train general educators to implement interventions, fostering a collaborative environment.
- Student Profiles: Develop student profiles to capture essential information about students' strengths, needs, and aspirations.
What challenges does "Your Students, My Students, Our Students" identify in achieving inclusion?
- Segregated Settings: The persistence of segregated classrooms and programs that limit students' access to general education.
- Labeling and Expectations: The negative impact of labeling students, which can lower expectations and limit opportunities.
- Resource Allocation: Inequitable distribution of resources and support that hinders effective inclusion.
- Cultural Shifts: The need for a cultural shift in schools to embrace inclusion as a core value.
How does "Your Students, My Students, Our Students" address the role of educators in inclusion?
- Redefining Roles: It calls for redefining the roles of general and special educators to ensure shared responsibility for all students.
- Professional Development: Emphasizes the importance of ongoing professional development to equip educators with the skills needed for inclusive practices.
- Collaboration: Encourages collaboration among educators to share expertise and support each other's professional growth.
- Leadership: Highlights the role of school leaders in fostering an inclusive culture and supporting systemic change.
What strategies does "Your Students, My Students, Our Students" offer for setting student-centered goals?
- MAPs Process: Use the Making Action Plans (MAPs) process to engage students and their support networks in setting meaningful goals.
- Goal Attainment Scaling: Implement goal attainment scaling to measure progress on personalized goals in everyday contexts.
- Aspirational Planning: Begin aspirational planning early, focusing on students' long-term dreams and aligning educational goals accordingly.
- Student Voice: Involve students in the goal-setting process to ensure their goals are relevant and motivating.
How does "Your Students, My Students, Our Students" propose measuring progress in inclusive education?
- Goal Attainment Scales: Use goal attainment scales to provide a clear, measurable framework for tracking student progress.
- Regular Monitoring: Emphasize the importance of regular monitoring and adjustment of goals and strategies based on student progress.
- Data-Driven Decisions: Encourage data-driven decision-making to ensure interventions and supports are effective and responsive to student needs.
- Collaborative Assessment: Involve all educators in the assessment process to provide a comprehensive view of student progress.
What role do families play in "Your Students, My Students, Our Students"?
- Active Participation: Families are seen as active participants in the educational process, providing valuable insights and support.
- Communication: Effective communication with families is essential for understanding students' needs and aspirations.
- Partnerships: Building strong partnerships with families helps create a supportive network for students' success.
- Cultural Competence: Recognizing and respecting the diverse backgrounds and experiences of families is crucial for meaningful collaboration.
How does "Your Students, My Students, Our Students" envision the future of inclusive education?
- Systemic Change: The book envisions systemic change in educational practices to create truly inclusive and equitable schools.
- Empowered Educators: Educators are empowered to collaborate, innovate, and continuously improve their practices for the benefit of all students.
- Student-Centered Learning: A focus on student-centered learning that honors each student's unique strengths, needs, and aspirations.
- Inclusive Society: The ultimate goal is to foster an inclusive society where all individuals are valued and have the opportunity to succeed.
评论
《你的学生,我的学生,我们的学生》评价不一,评分从1星到4星不等。读者欣赏其关于包容性教育和合作的理念,但批评其过于理想化。一些人认为这本书发人深省,对特殊教育教师有价值,而另一些人则认为它过于简化复杂问题。该书因讨论普通教育和特殊教育之间的鸿沟而受到赞扬,但也因未考虑实施中的实际挑战而受到批评。许多评论者承认这本书的良好意图,但质疑其在现实课堂中的可行性。
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