Love Your Enemies

1. Contempt is eroding our society and relationships

Contempt is "anger mixed with disgust," and is best understood as the conviction that another person is worthless.

Contempt epidemic. America is experiencing a culture of contempt, where people treat those with differing views as worthless and beneath consideration. This toxic attitude is tearing apart families, friendships, and our nation. Research shows contempt in relationships is the single greatest predictor of divorce.

Harmful effects. Contempt doesn't just damage relationships - it harms the person expressing it. Studies have found that frequently feeling or expressing contempt:

• Weakens the immune system
• Increases anxiety and depression
• Impairs cognitive function
• Reduces life satisfaction

Root causes. The contempt epidemic stems from:

• Increased political polarization
• Echo chambers in media and online
• Dehumanization of those we disagree with
• Leaders who stoke division for their own gain

2. Respond to hostility with warm-heartedness

When somebody around you treats you with contempt, you never quite forget it. So if we want to solve the problem of polarization today, we have to solve the contempt problem.

Break the cycle. When faced with contempt, don't respond in kind. Instead, practice "warm-heartedness" - responding with kindness, respect and good humor. This approach:

• Disarms hostility
• Opens the door to real dialogue
• Changes hearts and minds
• Makes you happier and healthier

Fake it till you make it. Even if you don't genuinely feel warm-hearted, act as if you do. Research shows that our attitudes often follow our actions. Smiling makes us happier, and treating others with warmth makes us feel more warmly toward them.

Lead by example. By consistently responding to contempt with warm-heartedness, you can be a positive force for change in your community. Your example can inspire others and help shift the culture away from division and toward mutual understanding.

3. Focus on shared moral values, not differences

Nearly all of those who disagree with us are not, as we so often think, immoral; they simply express this morality in different ways.

Common ground. Research shows that people across the political spectrum share core moral values like fairness and compassion. We simply prioritize and express these values differently. Understanding this can help us find common ground.

Moral foundations. According to Moral Foundations Theory, there are five innate moral values:

1. Care for others
2. Fairness
3. Loyalty
4. Respect for authority
5. Purity/sanctity

Liberals tend to prioritize care and fairness, while conservatives place more emphasis on loyalty, authority and purity. But both sides care about all five to some degree.

Emphasis on commonalities. When engaging with those we disagree with, we should focus on our shared moral "why" rather than our differing "what." For example, both liberals and conservatives want to help the poor - they just disagree on the best methods. Starting from this common ground fosters mutual understanding.

4. Tell human stories to foster understanding

When we encounter one another as individuals and tell our stories, we overwhelm contempt with something more powerful: love.

Power of narrative. Human stories have a unique ability to foster empathy and understanding across divides. Brain imaging studies show that storytelling activates neural coupling between speaker and listener, quite literally getting us on the same wavelength.

Oxytocin effect. Hearing someone's personal story triggers the release of oxytocin, the "love hormone," in our brains. This creates feelings of connection and trust, even toward those we previously viewed as enemies.

Practical applications:

• Share your own story and listen to others' stories
• Use anecdotes and case studies to illustrate points
• Humanize statistics with individual examples
• Seek out first-person accounts from different perspectives

5. Competition of ideas leads to better solutions

Competition lies behind democracy in politics, and markets in the economy. Markets and democracy are the two things that have made the United States into the most successful country in history.

Virtue of disagreement. Healthy competition of ideas leads to innovation and better outcomes. Just as economic competition drives companies to improve their products, intellectual competition refines and strengthens our views.

Rules of engagement. For competition of ideas to be productive:

• Disagree respectfully
• Focus on ideas, not personal attacks
• Be open to changing your mind
• Seek to understand opposing views

Benefits of diversity. Exposure to diverse viewpoints:

• Challenges our assumptions
• Reveals blind spots in our thinking
• Leads to more creative problem-solving
• Makes our own arguments stronger

6. Disagree better by treating others with respect

Insulting others degrades yourself, makes your beliefs unattractive to others, and ruins any hope of persuasion.

Unproductive tactics. Avoid these counterproductive debate tactics:

• Ad hominem attacks
• Strawman arguments
• Assuming bad motives
• Mockery and sarcasm

Effective engagement. Instead:

• Seek first to understand
• Acknowledge valid points
• Use "steel man" arguments
• Express disagreement respectfully

Aim for persuasion. The goal should be to persuade, not to "win" arguments. Research shows that insults and contempt actually make people less likely to change their minds and more entrenched in their views.

7. Be a unifying leader through authoritative leadership

Authoritative leaders inspire a can-do spirit and enthusiasm for an organization's work because they ensure that no one feels muzzled or left behind.

Leadership styles. There are three main leadership approaches:

1. Coercive: Uses fear and intimidation
2. Laissez-faire: Hands-off, minimal guidance
3. Authoritative: Inspires through vision and inclusion

Benefits of authoritative leadership:

• Promotes creativity and innovation
• Increases employee satisfaction and retention
• Leads to better long-term outcomes
• Unites people around shared goals

Key traits. Authoritative leaders:

• Articulate a clear, inspiring vision
• Empower others to contribute
• Listen to diverse viewpoints
• Lead by example

8. Escape your ideological bubble

If you don't have any level-three Aristotelian friendships with people with different ideologies, you can't have the kind of productive disagreement that Robby and Cornel have.

Dangers of echo chambers. Only interacting with like-minded people:

• Reinforces existing biases
• Leads to more extreme views
• Reduces empathy for others
• Weakens critical thinking skills

Burst your bubble. Ways to expose yourself to diverse perspectives:

• Seek out media from across the political spectrum
• Attend events with speakers you disagree with
• Join groups with ideologically diverse membership
• Cultivate friendships with people of different backgrounds

Benefits of diversity. Regular exposure to different viewpoints:

• Challenges your assumptions
• Strengthens your arguments
• Increases empathy and understanding
• Makes you a more effective communicator

9. Practice gratitude and kindness to combat contempt

Gratitude is, quite simply, a contempt killer. You cannot have contempt for someone to whom you are grateful.

Power of gratitude. Regularly practicing gratitude:

• Increases happiness and life satisfaction
• Improves physical and mental health
• Strengthens relationships
• Counteracts negative emotions like contempt

Cultivate kindness. Small acts of kindness:

• Release oxytocin, creating positive feelings
• Reduce stress and anxiety
• Improve self-esteem
• Inspire others to pay it forward

Practical steps:

• Keep a gratitude journal
• Express appreciation to others regularly
• Perform random acts of kindness
• Look for the good in difficult situations

10. Disconnect from unproductive debates

After you come back from your politics cleanse, how can you keep from falling back into your old patterns? Resolve to pay attention to ideas, not just politics.

Information overload. Constant exposure to outrage-inducing content:

• Increases stress and anxiety
• Reinforces negative biases
• Wastes time and energy
• Rarely leads to productive action

Digital detox. Take regular breaks from news and social media:

• Set time limits for consumption
• Have "screen-free" days or hours
• Unfollow accounts that regularly upset you
• Focus on local issues where you can have impact

Healthier engagement. When you do engage:

• Seek out long-form content over soundbites
• Look for nuanced takes from diverse sources
• Focus on ideas and policies, not personalities
• Ask yourself: "Is this productive? Am I learning?"

Last updated: January 24, 2025