The Clash of the Cultures

1. The clash between long-term investment and short-term speculation shapes modern finance

When enterprise becomes the bubble on a whirlpool of speculation ... [and] when the stock market takes on the attitude of a casino, the job [of capitalism] is likely to be ill-done.

Speculation dominates: In recent decades, short-term speculation has overtaken long-term investment as the dominant force in financial markets. This shift is evident in:

• Increased stock turnover: From 15% annually in 1950s to over 250% today
• Rise of high-frequency trading: Now accounts for over 50% of trading volume
• Growth in derivatives trading: Notional value exceeds $700 trillion

Harmful consequences: This speculative culture has:

• Diverted capital from productive enterprises
• Increased market volatility and systemic risk
• Enriched financial intermediaries at the expense of investors
• Eroded corporate focus on long-term value creation

The author argues that returning to a culture of long-term investment is crucial for the health of both financial markets and the broader economy.

2. The rise of institutional investors has created a "double-agency" problem

Managers of other people's money rarely watch over it with the same anxious vigilance with which ... they watch over their own.

Shift in ownership: Institutional investors now control over 70% of U.S. stocks, up from just 8% in 1950. This has created a "double-agency" problem:

1. Corporate managers as agents of shareholders
2. Fund managers as agents of individual investors

Conflicting interests: Both sets of agents often prioritize their own interests over those of their principals:

• Corporate managers focus on short-term stock prices to boost their compensation
• Fund managers prioritize asset gathering and fee generation over investor returns

This misalignment of interests has contributed to:

• Excessive executive compensation
• Short-term corporate decision making
• High fund fees and underperformance

The author advocates for stronger fiduciary standards and increased shareholder activism to address these agency problems.

3. Mutual funds have shifted from stewardship to salesmanship

Once characterized primarily by a focus on long-term investment, today the fund industry seems focused largely on short-term speculation.

Industry transformation: The mutual fund industry has undergone a dramatic shift:

• Assets grew from $2.5 billion in 1951 to over $12 trillion today
• Focus changed from investment management to marketing
• Proliferation of specialized, high-cost funds

Negative consequences:

• Higher costs: Average expense ratios nearly doubled since 1960
• Increased turnover: From 15% annually in 1950s to around 100% today
• Poor performance: Majority of active funds underperform after fees

Structural issues:

• Shift to public ownership of fund management companies
• Conglomeration: 33 of 50 largest fund managers owned by financial conglomerates
• Conflicts of interest between fund shareholders and management company owners

The author argues for a return to a fiduciary culture focused on low-cost, long-term investing to better serve fund shareholders.

4. Index funds represent the triumph of long-term investing

The stone that the builders rejected became the chief cornerstone.

Revolutionary concept: The first index mutual fund, launched by Vanguard in 1976, was initially ridiculed but has become a dominant force in investing:

• Now over $2.4 trillion in index mutual fund assets
• Account for more than 25% of all equity fund assets
• Consistently outperform majority of actively managed funds

Key advantages:

• Lower costs: Expense ratios as low as 0.04% vs. 1%+ for active funds
• Broad diversification: Own entire market segments
• Tax efficiency: Lower turnover reduces capital gains distributions
• Simplicity: Eliminates need to pick winning stocks or time the market

Long-term focus: Index funds embody the principles of patient, long-term investing by:

• Eliminating the temptation to chase performance
• Encouraging investors to "stay the course" through market cycles
• Capturing market returns at minimal cost

The author views index funds as the ultimate expression of efficient, low-cost investing for the long-term benefit of shareholders.

5. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have enabled harmful speculation

When fund marketers act as salesmen of specialized funds, investors seem, far too often, to buy and sell their shares at the wrong time.

Rapid growth: ETFs have exploded in popularity:

• Assets grown to over $1.2 trillion
• Now over 1,400 ETFs tracking 1,056 different indexes

Enabling speculation: While some ETFs offer low-cost, broad market exposure, many encourage harmful speculation:

• Extremely high turnover: Some ETFs have annual turnover exceeding 10,000%
• Narrow focus: Sector, country, and leveraged ETFs allow concentrated bets
• Intraday trading: "Trade the S&P 500 all day long, in real time"

Negative consequences:

• Increased market volatility
• Poor investor returns due to mistimed trades
• Distraction from long-term investing principles

The author argues that while some ETFs can be useful tools for long-term investors, many have become vehicles for harmful speculation that ultimately hurts investors.

6. America's retirement system is imperiled by speculation and inadequate savings

Today our nation's system of retirement security is imperiled, headed for a serious train wreck.

Multiple challenges: The U.S. retirement system faces several critical issues:

1. Inadequate savings: National savings rate has fallen from 9% to around 3%
2. Shift to defined contribution plans: Transferred investment risk to individuals
3. Underfunded pensions: Many plans assuming unrealistic future returns
4. Social Security uncertainty: Long-term funding challenges

Speculation in retirement accounts:

• Excessive trading in 401(k) plans
• Chasing performance in fund selection
• Inadequate diversification and inappropriate asset allocation

Proposed solutions:

• Simplify and consolidate retirement savings vehicles
• Encourage low-cost, broadly diversified index fund options
• Limit flexibility to withdraw or borrow from retirement accounts
• Improve financial education and guidance for plan participants

The author advocates for a comprehensive overhaul of the retirement system to prioritize long-term saving and investing over short-term speculation.

7. Wellington Fund's history demonstrates the power of long-term, balanced investing

Sometimes in life, we make the greatest forward progress by going backward.

Remarkable journey: Wellington Fund's 84-year history illustrates the benefits of a consistent, balanced approach:

• Founded in 1928, survived Great Depression and multiple market cycles
• Briefly strayed from conservative roots in late 1960s, leading to poor performance
• Returned to original principles in 1978, focusing on income and capital preservation

Key principles:

• Balanced portfolio: 60-70% stocks, 30-40% bonds
• Focus on high-quality, dividend-paying stocks
• Emphasis on current income and long-term growth
• Low costs and minimal portfolio turnover

Impressive results:

• Grew from $11 million in 1929 to $55 billion in 2012
• Consistently outperformed peers over long periods
• Provided investors with steady income and downside protection

The author uses Wellington Fund's history to demonstrate the enduring value of a disciplined, low-cost approach to balanced investing focused on meeting investors' long-term needs.

Last updated: April 24, 2025