重点摘要
1. 我们的身体自然地维持健康体重
“你的身体非常努力地帮助你维持健康且相对稳定的体重,并且它具备惊人的高效机制来实现这一目标。”
设定点理论解释了我们的身体如何自然调节体重。我们的下丘脑充当体重恒温器,利用激素如瘦素来调整饥饿感、代谢和活动水平,以维持稳定的体重。这个设定点受到遗传和环境因素的影响。
- 设定点系统的关键组成部分:
- 瘦素:信号饱腹感的“脂肪计”激素
- 胃饥饿素:刺激食欲的“饥饿激素”
- 胰岛素:调节血糖和脂肪储存
体重稳定是常态,而非例外。研究表明,大多数成年人在长时间内维持相当一致的体重,几十年间通常只波动几磅。当我们倾听身体的饥饿和饱腹信号时,这种自然调节是毫不费力的。
2. 节食和对体重的执念导致情感饥饿
“食物是奖励、朋友、爱和支持。我们吃东西并不是因为饿,而是因为悲伤、内疚、无聊、沮丧、孤独或愤怒。”
情感饮食源于未满足的心理需求。我们文化对体重和节食的关注破坏了我们自然直觉饮食的能力,导致限制和暴饮暴食的循环。这种与身体信号的脱节造成了一种情感上的匮乏,而食物无法真正满足这种需求。
- 常见的情感饮食诱因:
- 压力
- 无聊
- 孤独
- 焦虑
- 悲伤
限制饮食进一步加剧了问题。当我们试图通过意志力控制食物摄入时,我们变得更容易受到外部信号和情感诱因的影响。这往往导致暴饮暴食和内疚感,形成负面循环。学习直接满足情感需求并培养自我同情是修复与食物关系的重要步骤。
3. 体重调节的生物学抵制有意减重
“生物学的力量远远超过意志力。”
我们的身体抵制减重。当我们节食时,代谢减缓,饥饿感增加,身体变得更有效地储存脂肪。这是为了保护我们免受饥饿的进化适应。研究一致表明,绝大多数通过节食减重的人在几年内会重新增重。
- 节食的生物反应:
- 瘦素产生减少
- 胃饥饿素产生增加
- 代谢减缓
- 脂肪储存酶增加
- 脂肪燃烧酶减少
单靠运动并不是减重的灵丹妙药。虽然定期锻炼带来许多健康益处,但研究表明它对长期减重的效果并不显著。我们的身体通过各种机制补偿增加的能量消耗,往往导致饥饿感增加或其他领域活动减少。
4. 现代食品加工干扰我们的自然饥饿信号
“我们正在大量摄入糖分和白米饭,根本无法抵挡面包的诱惑。”
加工食品劫持了我们的饱腹信号。许多现代食品经过精心设计,口感极佳,结合了糖、脂肪和盐,以超越我们自然的饱腹感。这些食品通常缺乏纤维和营养素,而这些本应有助于让我们感到满足。
- 加工食品的问题:
- 精制碳水化合物含量高
- 纤维含量低
- 含有添加糖(尤其是高果糖玉米糖浆)
- 含有不健康脂肪(反式脂肪、过量饱和脂肪)
- 人工香料和添加剂
全食物支持自然调节。富含纤维、蛋白质和健康脂肪的未加工食品更有效地触发我们身体的饱腹机制。它们还提供支持整体健康和代谢所需的必需营养素。逐渐转向以全食物为基础的饮食可以帮助我们重新调整饮食习惯,以符合身体的自然信号。
5. 食品行业操控我们的饮食习惯以获取利润
“食品公司有强烈的利益驱动,让我们忽视身体信号。我们吃得越多,他们卖出的产品就越多,赚的钱也就越多。”
营销策略覆盖了我们的内部信号。食品行业在广告和产品开发上投入数十亿,旨在增加消费。他们利用我们对甜、咸和脂肪食品的生物偏好,创造出难以抗拒且容易过量的产品。
- 行业操控策略:
- 超大份量
- 创造上瘾的口味组合
- 使用误导性的健康声明
- 针对儿童的营销
- 游说有利政策
政府政策往往偏向加工食品。农业补贴使得玉米和大豆等成分人造便宜,导致不健康加工食品的泛滥。这些政策,加上行业对营养指南的影响,创造了一个使人难以直觉饮食和维持健康体重的环境。
6. 脂肪污名,而非脂肪本身,才是真正的健康威胁
“我们当中真正的英雄不是那些减肥成功的人,而是那些继续生活、无论体重如何都感到自豪的人。”
体重歧视危害健康。研究表明,与体重污名相关的压力和羞耻感对健康问题的影响远大于体脂本身。这种污名导致医疗、就业和社交场合的歧视,形成压力和健康不良结果的循环。
- 体重污名的负面影响:
- 皮质醇水平升高
- 血压升高
- 进食障碍风险增加
- 避免医疗服务
- 抑郁和焦虑
体型多样性是自然和健康的。正如我们有不同的身高,我们的身体自然会在不同的体重上稳定。接受这种多样性,并专注于促进健康的行为,而不是针对减重,是公共健康更有效的方法。
7. 每个体型的健康:一种新的健康观念
“每个体型的健康并不是一本减肥书,也不是一本饮食书,更不是一个锻炼计划。每个体型的健康是一本关于健康生活的书,旨在支持你从厌恶自己和与身体作斗争,转向欣赏自己、身体和生活。”
HAES原则促进健康而不关注体重。这种方法鼓励为了健康行为本身而采取健康行为,而不是作为减重的手段。研究表明,HAES干预措施能改善健康指标、心理健康和可持续的行为变化。
- 每个体型的健康的关键组成部分:
- 尊重身体多样性
- 直觉饮食
- 快乐运动
- 接受体型
- 对体重偏见的批判性意识
证据支持HAES方法。比较HAES与传统减重干预的研究一致显示,在健康指标、持续行为变化和改善身体形象方面,HAES的长期结果更佳。这种观念转变使所有体型的人都能追求健康,而不受体重污名和反复减肥的负面影响。
8. 自我接纳是积极改变的基础
“自爱可能是你能参与的最具革命性的行为。”
身体接纳促进健康。与流行观念相反,接受自己的身体并不会导致自满。相反,它创造了自尊的基础,激励真正滋养的行为。当我们停止与身体作斗争时,我们可以将这种能量转化为积极的改变。
- 培养自我接纳的步骤:
- 挑战内化的体重偏见
- 练习积极的自我对话
- 欣赏身体的功能性
- 与身体积极的影响力相伴
- 设定与体重无关的目标
文化信息削弱自我接纳。我们的社会不断向我们灌输不切实际的美丽标准,并将纤细与美德等同。识别并拒绝这些有害信息对于发展积极的身体形象至关重要。这通常需要积极寻找替代观点,并与支持性的人相伴。
9. 直觉饮食培养与食物的健康关系
“当你吃你想吃的东西,并允许自己真正体验快乐时,你会感到满足和愉悦,从而在感到饱腹时停止进食。”
重新学习信任身体的信号。直觉饮食涉及尊重饥饿、尊重饱腹感,并允许自己享受食物而不感到内疚。这种方法有助于修复多年节食和食物规则造成的伤害。
- 直觉饮食的原则:
- 拒绝节食心态
- 尊重饥饿感
- 与食物和解
- 挑战食物警察
- 尊重饱腹感
- 发现满足感
- 用食物以外的方式应对情感
- 尊重身体
- 为享受而运动
- 用温和的营养来尊重健康
享受是营养的一部分。享受食物不仅仅是味道——它实际上有助于身体更有效地吸收营养。学习细细品味餐点和专注于饮食可以带来更大的满足感,享受更小的份量,并实现更平衡的营养方式。
10. 快乐运动和压力管理支持整体健康
“你的身体是你与世界的物理连接。变得活跃可以帮助你消除对身体的负面情绪,使你能够欣赏身体的功能,淡化外貌,享受力量和能力。”
找到你喜欢的运动方式。与其将锻炼视为惩罚或仅仅是为了控制体重,不如专注于带来快乐和让你感觉良好的活动。这种方法会导致更持续的参与和更大的整体健康益处。
- 快乐运动的想法:
- 跳舞
- 自然散步
- 团队运动
- 游泳
- 园艺
- 瑜伽
- 骑自行车
压力管理对健康至关重要。慢性压力导致许多健康问题,并可能干扰我们的自然饮食模式。融入冥想、深呼吸或参与爱好等减压技巧可以支持心理和身体健康。
11. 改变口味可以重新调整饮食偏好
“正如食品行业操控了我们的味蕾,使我们偏好高脂肪、高盐、高糖的食品和添加风味化学物质,我们也可以‘操控’它们,重新训练它们去偏好新鲜、优质的食物,如水果、蔬菜、全谷物和豆类。”
味觉偏好是可塑的。我们的饮食偏好受到反复接触和文化影响的塑造。通过逐渐引入新食物和烹饪方法,我们可以扩展我们的味蕾,真正享受更有营养的选择。
- 改变口味的策略:
- 尝试不同的烹饪方法
- 尝试新鲜的香草和香料
- 逐渐减少添加糖和盐
- 专注于全食物和未加工食品
- 耐心——接受新食物可能需要多次接触
与食物的来源建立联系。培养对食物来源和制作过程的欣赏可以增加对全食物和未加工食品的享受。去农贸市场购物、园艺或从零开始烹饪都是促进这种联系的方法。
12. 解决“体重问题”需要文化转变
“解决体重问题的唯一方法是停止将体重视为问题——停止根据体型评判自己和他人。”
在各个层面挑战体重污名。要创造持久的变化,我们需要在医疗、媒体、教育和政策中解决体重偏见。这涉及促进体型多样性、实施反歧视法律,并将重点从体重转向所有人的健康促进行为。
- 文化变革的领域:
- 医疗实践
- 媒体表现
- 工作场所政策
- 教育课程
- 公共健康信息
- 时尚行业标准
拥抱每个体型的健康方法。通过专注于促进健康和福祉的行为,我们可以为所有体型的人创造更具包容性和有效性的公共健康方法。这种观念转变使每个人都受益,减少体重污名造成的伤害,促进可持续的健康行为。
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FAQ
What's Health At Every Size about?
- Focus on Health, Not Weight: Health At Every Size by Linda Bacon emphasizes prioritizing health over weight loss, challenging societal pressures that equate thinness with health.
- Biological Mechanisms: The book discusses the body's natural weight regulation setpoint and how dieting can disrupt this balance, often leading to weight gain.
- Cultural Critique: Bacon critiques the diet industry and societal norms, advocating for body acceptance and self-care as pathways to improved health.
Why should I read Health At Every Size?
- Challenging Diet Culture: The book offers a refreshing perspective that questions conventional dieting wisdom, encouraging a healthier relationship with food and body.
- Evidence-Based Approach: Supported by scientific research, it provides credible insights into the complexities of weight and health, based on a government-funded study.
- Empowerment and Acceptance: It empowers readers to embrace their bodies and make health-promoting choices without the pressure of weight loss, promoting self-acceptance.
What are the key takeaways of Health At Every Size?
- Setpoint Theory: Introduces the concept of a "setpoint," the weight range your body naturally maintains, and explains how dieting can raise this setpoint.
- Emotional Eating: Discusses emotional eating and the importance of recognizing hunger cues instead of using food to cope with emotions.
- Rejecting Dieting: Argues that dieting is ineffective for long-term weight loss and promotes intuitive eating and listening to your body’s signals.
What is the Health at Every Size (HAES) program?
- Program Overview: Focuses on health and well-being rather than weight loss, encouraging healthy behaviors that promote physical and emotional health.
- Research-Based: Evaluated through a study showing improved health markers without focusing on weight loss, with participants reporting better self-esteem.
- Guidelines for Living: Provides practical guidelines for eating and activity that respect individual body cues, emphasizing self-acceptance and body positivity.
How does dieting affect weight regulation according to Health At Every Size?
- Biological Resistance: Dieting triggers mechanisms that resist weight loss, such as decreased metabolism and increased appetite, making weight maintenance difficult.
- Hormonal Impact: Affects hormones like leptin and ghrelin, which regulate hunger and satiety, often leading to increased hunger and cravings.
- Weight Cycling: Repeated dieting can lead to weight cycling, where individuals lose and regain weight, often resulting in a higher setpoint.
How does Health At Every Size define intuitive eating?
- Listening to Your Body: Intuitive eating involves tuning into your body’s hunger and fullness signals, allowing eating based on needs rather than external rules.
- Rejecting Diet Mentality: Emphasizes letting go of restrictive dieting practices that can lead to disordered eating, promoting a healthier relationship with food.
- Enjoyment of Food: Encourages savoring and enjoying food without guilt, fostering a positive experience around eating.
What role do emotions play in eating habits according to Health At Every Size?
- Emotional Triggers: Discusses how emotions like stress and boredom can drive eating, emphasizing the need to recognize these triggers and find healthier coping mechanisms.
- Self-Care vs. Food: Argues that food cannot fulfill emotional needs and encourages learning self-care methods that do not involve eating.
- Intuitive Eating: Promotes intuitive eating, which involves listening to hunger and fullness signals, helping individuals move away from emotional eating patterns.
What are some common myths about weight and health debunked in Health At Every Size?
- “Obesity Kills” Myth: Debunks the myth that obesity is a leading cause of death, citing research that shows overweight individuals may live longer.
- “Dieting Works” Myth: Challenges the belief that dieting leads to sustainable weight loss, presenting evidence that most dieters regain lost weight.
- “You Control Your Weight” Myth: Highlights that weight is influenced by genetics and biology, and individuals do not have complete control over their weight.
What are the best quotes from Health At Every Size and what do they mean?
- “Your body is ready to help you achieve a healthy weight, if you simply allow it to do its job.”: Emphasizes trusting your body’s natural weight regulation mechanisms.
- “Diets are a setup for failure.”: Encapsulates the core message that dieting is ineffective and can lead to negative health outcomes.
- “When you feel better about yourself, you make better choices.”: Highlights the connection between self-acceptance and healthy behaviors.
How can I apply the principles of HAES in my life?
- Listen to Your Body: Tune into your body’s hunger and fullness signals, practicing eating when hungry and stopping when satisfied.
- Focus on Health: Shift focus from weight loss to overall health and well-being, engaging in activities that promote physical and mental health.
- Challenge Negative Thoughts: Reframe negative thoughts about your body and self-worth, surrounding yourself with supportive people and resources.
How does Health At Every Size address weight stigma?
- Cultural Critique: Discusses how societal attitudes towards weight contribute to discrimination and stigma against larger individuals.
- Impact on Mental Health: Highlights the negative effects of weight stigma on mental health, including increased anxiety and depression.
- Advocacy for Change: Encourages challenging weight bias and advocating for a more inclusive society, creating a healthier environment for everyone.
What is the HAES Manifesto mentioned in Health At Every Size?
- Core Principles: Outlines the fundamental beliefs of the Health at Every Size movement, emphasizing body acceptance and health-promoting behaviors.
- Call to Action: Serves as a rallying cry for individuals to embrace their bodies and reject societal pressures to conform to a specific size.
- Support for All Sizes: Advocates for the idea that all bodies deserve respect and care, promoting a compassionate approach to health.
评论
《每个体型的健康》获得了褒贬不一的评价。许多人赞扬其赋权的信息,强调身体接纳和关注健康而非减重。读者欣赏其科学的方法,揭穿了饮食神话并提倡直觉饮食。然而,批评者认为该书忽视了肥胖的健康风险,并助长了自满情绪。一些人觉得书中的营养建议相互矛盾或过于简化。总体而言,评论者一致认为该书挑战了关于体重和健康的传统观念,尽管对其结论和有效性的看法各不相同。
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