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Occupy

Occupy

作者 Noam Chomsky 2012 128 页数
3.60
2k+ 评分
7 分钟

重点摘要

1. 占领运动改变了关于不平等的全国对话

“占领运动的一个真正显著且几乎是壮观的成功在于,它彻底改变了许多问题的讨论框架。”

将不平等问题推到前台。 占领运动成功地突出了美国的财富差距,引入了“99%”和“1%”等术语。这种公共话语的转变迫使政治家、媒体和公众面对经济不平等的现实。

影响公众认知。 2012年皮尤研究中心的一项调查显示,大约三分之二的美国人认为富人和穷人之间存在强烈的冲突,比2009年增加了19个百分点。这种公众舆论的剧变很大程度上归功于占领运动在提高收入不平等意识方面的努力。

2. 占领运动的成功在于建立社区和联系

“我认为,占领运动的一个真正成就是以一种非常引人注目的方式表现出对现状的拒绝。”

创建功能性社区。 占领运动不仅仅是抗议,它还建立了互助、民主交流和相互关爱的功能性社区。这种方法挑战了根深蒂固的孤立和自利的社会规范。

促进联系。 通过创建人们可以聚集、分享经验和相互支持的空间,占领运动开始重建在现代社会中被侵蚀的社区感。这些联系对于维持运动和实现长期变革至关重要。

3. 运动面临不可避免的镇压但继续组织

“如果这些形成的纽带和联系能够持续下去,并且能够带入更广泛的社区,那将是对不可避免的镇压及其有时暴力表现的真正防御。”

协调镇压。 像任何重要的社会运动一样,占领运动也面临着当局的镇压。这种镇压通常在不同地点协调进行,包括暴力对抗、逮捕和试图拆除占领地点。

持续组织。 尽管面临这些挑战,运动仍在继续组织和适应。通过将重点从物理占领转向社区外展和有针对性的行动,占领运动展示了其韧性和对目标的承诺。

4. 将金钱从政治中移除对真正的民主至关重要

“将金钱从政治中移除是一个非常关键的问题;它已经存在很长时间了。现在变得更加极端。”

财富的影响。 财富集中在少数人手中导致了相应的政治权力集中。这导致了主要服务于富人利益的立法,形成了进一步加剧不平等的恶性循环。

潜在解决方案。 乔姆斯基提出了几种解决这一问题的方法:

  • 修宪以推翻公司法人地位
  • 改革初选过程以更加民主
  • 实行公共竞选资金
  • 逆转导致当前局面的公司治理规则

5. 员工拥有的企业提供了可行的替代经济模式

“没有任何经济原则或其他原则表明股东应该比利益相关者——工人和社区——拥有更高的优先权。”

挑战传统所有权模式。 员工拥有的企业代表了一种与主流公司模式显著不同的模式。通过让工人和社区控制他们的工作场所,这些企业可以优先考虑利益相关者的利益而不是股东的利润。

实际例子。 乔姆斯基指出了俄亥俄州在发展员工拥有企业方面的努力,如加尔·阿尔佩罗维茨在《超越资本主义的美国》一书中所描述的。这些举措展示了能够解决不平等和社区发展的替代经济模式的可行性。

6. 自20世纪70年代以来,美国经济发生了巨大变化

“美国在这方面是个例外。不平等已经上升到历史上前所未有的高度。”

从增长到停滞。 二战后时期,美国经济增长显著,相对平等。然而,自20世纪70年代以来,经济发生了以下变化:

  • 经济金融化
  • 去工业化和生产外包
  • 大多数人的实际工资停滞
  • 财富集中在少数精英手中

变化的后果。 这些变化导致了:

  • 经济不稳定性增加和反复的金融危机
  • 收入和财富不平等加剧
  • 中产阶级的衰退
  • 社会流动性的下降

7. 草根运动历来推动了重大社会变革

“每一个成功都是有限的。有失败。但也有成功。”

历史先例。 乔姆斯基指出了几个成功的草根运动推动了社会变革:

  • 民权运动
  • 女权运动
  • 反越战抗议

历史教训。 这些运动表明:

  • 变革往往从小处开始,但可以迅速增长
  • 在面对反对和挫折时,坚持是关键
  • 成功可能是渐进的,但可以导致重大的社会转变

8. 外交政策可以通过持续的公众压力来影响

“我们有通过公众压力改变政策的成功历史。”

公众舆论的力量。 乔姆斯基认为,即使在外交政策问题上,持续的公众压力也可以影响政府的行动。他引用了反越战运动作为公众反对最终迫使政策改变的例子。

行动机会。 为了影响外交政策,乔姆斯基建议:

  • 向公众教育问题
  • 组织示威和抗议
  • 参与选举政治
  • 利用美国的自由推动变革

9. 教育和外展是扩大运动的关键

“你必须走进全国各地,让人们了解这是什么,能做些什么,以及不做任何事情的后果。”

扩大意识。 为了让占领运动成长并成功,它必须接触到更广泛的人群。这包括:

  • 解释运动的目标和方法
  • 连接人们的日常关切和经验
  • 展示运动目标如何与大多数人的利益一致

多样化策略。 乔姆斯基建议了各种教育和外展的方法:

  • 举办社区会议和讨论
  • 利用替代媒体
  • 与现有社区组织接触
  • 解决具体的地方问题作为更广泛讨论的切入点

10. 环境危机需要紧急行动和生活方式的改变

“我们正接近环境破坏的悬崖边缘。”

紧迫的威胁。 乔姆斯基强调了环境危机,特别是气候变化的严重性。他认为,这个问题威胁到人类文明的生存,需要立即采取行动。

重新思考增长。 为了解决这一危机,乔姆斯基建议:

  • 重新定义我们对经济增长的理解
  • 转向更可持续的生活方式
  • 在政策决策中优先考虑环境保护
  • 开发替代能源和技术

运动的角色。 占领运动和类似的草根努力可以在以下方面发挥关键作用:

  • 提高对环境问题的认识
  • 施压政府和公司采取行动
  • 展示更可持续的生活方式的替代方案

最后更新日期:

FAQ

What's "Occupy" by Noam Chomsky about?

  • Overview of the Movement: "Occupy" by Noam Chomsky discusses the Occupy movement, which began in New York City on September 17, 2011, as a response to economic inequality and corporate influence in politics.
  • Historical Context: The book places the movement within the context of thirty years of class warfare, highlighting the growing disparity between the rich and the poor in the United States.
  • Impact on Society: Chomsky emphasizes how the movement has shifted public discourse, bringing issues of inequality and corporate power to the forefront of national conversation.
  • Global Reach: The movement quickly spread worldwide, influencing various forms of protest and activism beyond the United States.

Why should I read "Occupy" by Noam Chomsky?

  • Insightful Analysis: Chomsky provides a deep analysis of the socio-economic conditions that led to the rise of the Occupy movement, offering a critical perspective on modern capitalism.
  • Understanding Activism: The book is a valuable resource for understanding grassroots activism and the power of collective action in challenging systemic issues.
  • Historical Perspective: It offers a historical perspective on class struggle and the role of public movements in shaping political discourse.
  • Inspirational: For those interested in social justice, the book serves as an inspiration to engage in activism and advocate for change.

What are the key takeaways of "Occupy" by Noam Chomsky?

  • Class Warfare: The book highlights the ongoing class warfare in the U.S., marked by increasing economic inequality and concentration of wealth.
  • Role of Activism: Chomsky underscores the importance of activism in bringing about social and political change, emphasizing the need for sustained efforts.
  • Corporate Influence: It critiques the influence of corporations in politics, advocating for reforms to reduce corporate power and enhance democratic processes.
  • Community Building: The book stresses the significance of building communities of mutual support and democratic participation as a foundation for broader societal change.

How did the Occupy movement change public discourse?

  • Inequality on the Agenda: The movement succeeded in putting economic inequality and class conflict on the national agenda, influencing media coverage and public perception.
  • Language and Terminology: Terms like "the 99 percent" became part of everyday language, reflecting a shift in how people discuss wealth distribution and power dynamics.
  • Increased Awareness: There was a notable increase in public awareness and concern about the disparities between the rich and the poor, as evidenced by surveys and studies.
  • Policy Discussions: The movement influenced policy discussions, with some local governments passing resolutions against corporate personhood and advocating for constitutional amendments.

What are some of the best quotes from "Occupy" by Noam Chomsky and what do they mean?

  • "Occupy is the first major public response to thirty years of class war." This quote highlights the movement's significance as a reaction to long-standing economic injustices.
  • "We are the ones we have been waiting for." This quote, borrowed from poet June Jordan, emphasizes self-reliance and the power of collective action in driving change.
  • "The bonds and associations being formed... could turn out to be a really historic, and very significant, moment in American history." Chomsky underscores the potential long-term impact of the movement's community-building efforts.
  • "If you’re a serious revolutionary... you are not looking for an autocratic revolution, but a popular one which will move towards freedom and democracy." This quote reflects Chomsky's vision for a democratic and participatory approach to societal transformation.

How does Chomsky view the role of corporations in politics?

  • Critique of Corporate Power: Chomsky criticizes the excessive influence of corporations in politics, which he argues undermines democracy and prioritizes profit over public interest.
  • Corporate Personhood: He discusses the legal concept of corporate personhood, which grants corporations rights similar to individuals, and advocates for its abolition.
  • Impact on Legislation: The book highlights how corporate interests shape legislation, often at the expense of the general population's needs and rights.
  • Call for Reform: Chomsky calls for reforms to reduce corporate influence, such as campaign finance reform and changes to corporate governance structures.

What does Chomsky say about the economic conditions leading to the Occupy movement?

  • De-industrialization: Chomsky points to the shift from manufacturing to financialization in the U.S. economy, leading to job losses and economic instability for many workers.
  • Wealth Concentration: He discusses the concentration of wealth in the hands of a small elite, exacerbating economic inequality and social tensions.
  • Stagnant Wages: The book highlights how real wages have stagnated for the majority, while the cost of living and work hours have increased.
  • Historical Context: Chomsky places these economic conditions within a broader historical context, tracing their roots to policy changes in the 1970s and 1980s.

How does "Occupy" by Noam Chomsky address the concept of democracy?

  • Participatory Democracy: Chomsky advocates for a model of democracy that is participatory and inclusive, where citizens actively engage in decision-making processes.
  • Critique of Current Systems: He critiques the current political system for being heavily influenced by corporate interests, which he argues undermines true democratic governance.
  • Community Involvement: The book emphasizes the importance of community involvement and grassroots organizing as essential components of a functioning democracy.
  • Vision for Change: Chomsky envisions a society where power is decentralized, and individuals have a direct say in the policies that affect their lives.

What strategies does Chomsky suggest for sustaining the Occupy movement?

  • Building Communities: Chomsky stresses the importance of building strong, supportive communities that can sustain activism over the long term.
  • Engaging the Public: He advocates for reaching out to broader sectors of the population to increase engagement and support for the movement's goals.
  • Creative Actions: The book encourages creative and non-violent direct actions that draw attention to issues and build solidarity among participants.
  • Focus on Education: Chomsky highlights the need for education and awareness-raising to inform the public about the movement's objectives and the broader socio-economic context.

How does "Occupy" by Noam Chomsky relate to historical movements?

  • Comparison to Past Movements: Chomsky draws parallels between the Occupy movement and past social movements, such as the civil rights movement and labor struggles.
  • Lessons from History: He emphasizes the importance of learning from historical movements, particularly their strategies for organizing and sustaining momentum.
  • Role of Small Actions: The book highlights the significance of "countless small actions of unknown people" in driving historical change, a theme central to Chomsky's analysis.
  • Continuity of Struggle: Chomsky situates the Occupy movement within a broader historical continuum of struggles for justice and equality.

What does Chomsky say about the future of the Occupy movement?

  • Potential for Impact: Chomsky believes the movement has the potential to bring about significant social and political change if it can sustain its momentum and expand its reach.
  • Challenges Ahead: He acknowledges the challenges the movement faces, including repression and the need for broader public engagement.
  • Long-term Vision: The book emphasizes the importance of maintaining a long-term vision for change, recognizing that meaningful transformation takes time and persistence.
  • Role of Youth and New Ideas: Chomsky highlights the role of young people and new ideas in driving the movement forward and inspiring future generations.

How does "Occupy" by Noam Chomsky address the issue of economic inequality?

  • Highlighting Disparities: The book brings attention to the growing economic disparities between the wealthy elite and the rest of the population.
  • Critique of Neoliberal Policies: Chomsky critiques neoliberal policies that have contributed to widening inequality and calls for alternative economic models.
  • Impact on Society: He discusses the social and political consequences of economic inequality, including its impact on democracy and social cohesion.
  • Call for Action: The book calls for collective action to address inequality, advocating for policies that promote economic justice and fairness.

评论

3.60 满分 5
平均评分来自 2k+ 来自Goodreads和亚马逊的评分.

《占领》一书评价不一,评分从1星到5星不等。许多读者欣赏乔姆斯基对占领运动、阶级斗争和经济不平等的见解。该书因其通俗易懂的语言和发人深省的观点而受到赞誉。一些人批评其内容重复且深度不足,而另一些人则认为这是了解乔姆斯基政治思想的宝贵入门书。几位评论者指出,这本书是采访和演讲的合集,而不是一个连贯的叙述,这影响了其整体结构和内容。

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关于作者

阿夫拉姆·诺姆·乔姆斯基 是一位著名的美国语言学家、哲学家和政治活动家。他因发展生成语法而闻名,这是20世纪语言学的重要贡献。乔姆斯基的工作引发了心理学中的认知革命,并影响了语言和心灵哲学。他还因在形式语言理论中建立乔姆斯基层级而著称。自20世纪60年代以来,乔姆斯基因其媒体批评和政治活动而获得了广泛关注,特别是他对美国外交政策的批评。他在学术文献中被广泛引用,被认为是他那个时代最有影响力的学者之一,以其在语言学和政治思想方面的贡献而闻名。

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