重点摘要
1. 结构主义的本质：超越时尚与历史
结构主义的立场，以及我们在语言之前或语言之中所持的态度，不仅仅是历史的瞬间。
语言为起点。 结构主义如同对语言的探问，超越了历史潮流，深入语言作为历史性的根源。这是一种对语言塑造历史作用的惊叹，而非仅仅视其为历史的产物。
普遍的焦虑。 支撑结构主义的语言焦虑是一种奇异的共振发展，历史学家难以捕捉。这是对语言符号性质的根本质疑。
超越时尚。 将结构主义简化为一时的时尚，是一种暴力行为，忽视了其深远的意义。它要求我们认真反思想象力、情感性与时尚本身。
2. 批评的忧郁：与创造力的分离
当人们不再有力量从内在理解力量时，形式便显得迷人。
批评即结构主义。 文学批评本质上是结构主义的，反映了与创造力的分离。这种分离是作品的状态，而非仅仅是对作品的论述。
忧郁的情感。 结构分析中技术巧思的胜利呼声，常掩盖着一种忧郁的情感意识——热情的减退。这忧郁是对已完成、已构建之物的反映。
灾难性的意识。 结构主义意识是一种灾难性的意识，既具破坏性又被破坏。它通过威胁的发生感知结构，将视线聚焦于制度的基石。
3. 空间模型在文学分析中的魅力与局限
一座不再有人居住的城市，不仅仅是被遗弃，而是被意义与文化所缠绕。
意义的中和。 当内容——意义的生命力——被中和时，结构的轮廓与设计才更为清晰。这如同一座被意义与文化幽灵缠绕的废弃城市。
空间隐喻。 严格来说，结构的概念仅指空间，无论是几何的还是形态的。语言只能通过空间化来界定事物。
能量学与几何学。 最好的文学形式主义冒险用图形与运动解释一切，却因将力量混淆为运动量而忽视了力量本身。这种几何仅是隐喻，而隐喻从不纯粹无辜。
4. 写作的开端性：危险且痛苦的选择
写作对作家而言，是一种初始且不优雅的选择，即便他不是无神论者，而是作家。
写作的风险。 写作危险且痛苦，因为它是开端性的，不知将去向何方。没有任何知识能阻止它向其构成的意义本质的沉淀。
次优之路。 抛开信仰或神学保证，次序体验与构成意义以预先被阅读的方式呈现的奇异重叠紧密相连。意义既不在行为之前，也不在之后。
言论自由。 写作之所以开端性，源于某种绝对的言论自由——将已存在之物呈现为预示自由的符号。这是一种回应的自由，其唯一视野是作为历史的世界。
5. 写作的痛苦：责任与限制
言语令我恐惧，因为永远说不够，却又说得太多。
限制意义。 成为呼吸或言语的必要性限制了意义，也限制了我们对其的责任。写作更进一步限制并约束言语。
希伯来语的Ruah。 写作是希伯来语ruah的痛苦，由人类责任在孤独中体验。这是我们必须决定是否铭刻所听之物的时刻。
书的悲剧。 没有书的悲剧，只有分布于所有书中的一本书。写作不仅是构思莱布尼茨式的书作为一种不可能的可能。
6. 书的悲剧：一种不可能的可能
意义必须等待被说出或写下，方能居于自身，并通过与自身的差异成为其本身：意义。
莱布尼茨式的书。 神学乐观与悲观的永恒兄弟情谊：没有什么比莱布尼茨式的书更令人安心，也没有什么比它更令人绝望，更摧毁我们的书。
写作的力量。 文学行为在其源头恢复真正的力量。文学中的交流不是对先验意义的简单诉求，而是通过诱发唤起意义。
写作的未来。 写作危险且痛苦，因为它不知将去向何方。它是初始且不优雅的选择，即便作家非无神论者，而是作家。
7. 超结构主义方法：聚焦形式
作品是一个整体，始终因被整体体验而获益。
结构即对象。 结构成为对象本身，文学事物本身。不再是启发式工具、阅读方法或内容的特征揭示。
空间模型。 尽管有理论意图，鲁塞在分析中赋予空间模型、数学函数、线条与形式绝对特权。时间始终被简化为一个维度。
目的论结构主义。 科尔内伊尔意义动力中的一切以最终和平为目标，即结构能量的和平。超出此和平，运动只能是草图或残骸。
8. 不幸的意识：分裂与不可约性
言语令我恐惧，因为永远说不够，却又说得太多。
受压迫的意识。 拥有话语意识即无物意识的意识，并非最贫乏，而是最受压迫的意识。它是无物意识，所有有物意识都在其上丰富自身。
焦虑。 写作的痛苦是焦虑的责任：言语必然受限的通道，所有可能意义相互推挤，阻止彼此显现。
次序性。 次序体验是否与构成意义以预先被阅读方式呈现的奇异重叠相关？所谓上帝是否是阅读与写作之间延迟互惠的通道？
9. 光的暴力：掩盖意义
理解生成的结构、力量的形式，就是在发现意义的同时失去意义。
阿波罗式的特质。 意义的意义因其内可见之物而具阿波罗式特质。说力量是现象的起源，实则无言。
隐喻之眼。 力量让位于形象，已在声学中自我分离。如何用光与暗理解力量或弱点？
现象学的局限。 现象学中难寻允许强度或力量概念化的概念。所有价值首先由理论主体构成。
10. 写作的尝试：自由与责任
写作意志唤醒意志的意志感：自由，突破经验历史领域，旨在与经验的隐藏本质、纯粹历史性和解。
写作意志。 写作意志非原始意志的后续决定。它唤醒意志的意志感：自由，突破经验历史领域。
情感的出路。 在与存在的关系中，写作尝试自我定位为情感的唯一出路。此出路只能被瞄准，且无解脱可能的确定性。
纯语言。 文学行为源于写作尝试，确实是对纯语言的承认，是面对“纯”言语使命的责任。
11. 符号的问题：超越简单指称
通过记录言语，书写的根本目标，且承担这一致命风险，是使意义从一切指向偶然情境安排的自然困境中解放出来。
意义的解放。 书写的根本目标是使意义摆脱一切指向偶然情境安排的自然困境。这也是为何写作永远不会是简单的“声音绘画”。
写作尝试。 写作尝试不能基于意志主义理解。写作意志唤醒意志的意志感：自由，突破经验历史领域。
纯言语。 文学行为是对纯语言的承认，是面对“纯”言语使命的责任，一旦理解，构成作家本身。
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FAQ
What is "Writing and Difference" by Jacques Derrida about?
- Exploration of writing and difference: The book investigates the concept of writing beyond traditional literary and phonetic frameworks, focusing on how difference and deferral shape language and meaning.
- Deconstruction of Western metaphysics: Derrida critiques the Western philosophical tradition’s reliance on presence, identity, and origin, showing how these are destabilized by the play of difference inherent in writing.
- Interdisciplinary approach: Drawing on philosophy, psychoanalysis, linguistics, and theater, Derrida examines how meaning is constructed and deconstructed across disciplines.
Why should I read "Writing and Difference" by Jacques Derrida?
- Foundational text of deconstruction: The book is a cornerstone of Derrida’s deconstructive method, which has profoundly influenced philosophy, literary theory, and critical studies.
- Challenges traditional thought: It encourages readers to rethink language, meaning, and interpretation, questioning long-held assumptions about presence and truth.
- Interdisciplinary insights: Engaging with diverse fields, Derrida provides tools for analyzing texts and cultural phenomena beyond conventional frameworks.
What are the key takeaways from "Writing and Difference" by Jacques Derrida?
- Meaning is never fixed: Language is a system of differences and deferrals, so meaning is always in flux and never fully present.
- Critique of metaphysics: Derrida exposes the instability of foundational concepts like presence, identity, and origin in Western philosophy.
- Centrality of writing: Writing is not secondary to speech but is fundamental to the production and dissemination of meaning.
What is Derrida’s method of deconstruction as presented in "Writing and Difference"?
- Revealing internal contradictions: Deconstruction uncovers the aporias and tensions within philosophical and literary texts, showing how they undermine their own claims.
- Focus on difference and deferral: Derrida’s method highlights how meaning is always deferred and differentiated, never fully present or stable.
- Destabilizing oppositions: Deconstruction challenges binary oppositions (such as speech/writing, presence/absence) that structure Western thought.
How does Jacques Derrida define "différance" in "Writing and Difference"?
- Neologism of difference and deferral: Différance combines the ideas of differing and deferring, signifying both spatial difference and temporal postponement in meaning.
- Undermines metaphysical presence: It shows that meaning is never fully present but always postponed, challenging the quest for a transcendental signified.
- Foundation for deconstruction: Différance is the key concept that enables Derrida’s critique of Western philosophy and its foundational oppositions.
How does "Writing and Difference" by Jacques Derrida critique the Western metaphysics of presence?
- Metaphysics of presence: Derrida argues that Western philosophy privileges presence, identity, and origin, which are illusions maintained by repressing writing and difference.
- Phonologism: He critiques the bias toward speech as the privileged form of language, marginalizing writing as mere representation.
- Unstable foundational concepts: Derrida demonstrates that concepts like Being, truth, and essence are inherently unstable due to the play of difference.
What is the significance of writing in "Writing and Difference" by Jacques Derrida?
- Writing as foundational: Derrida elevates writing from a secondary status to a primary role in the production of meaning.
- Destabilizes fixed meaning: Writing introduces difference and deferral, making meaning unstable and always in process.
- Challenging the speech/writing hierarchy: The book critiques the traditional privileging of speech over writing in Western thought.
How does Derrida address the relationship between language, violence, and metaphysics in "Writing and Difference"?
- Language as inherently violent: Derrida argues that discourse is originally violent because it is rooted in spatiality and sameness, making nonviolence a goal rather than an essence of language.
- Metaphysics as economy of violence: He sees metaphysics as a system that manages violence through language, with peace as a silent horizon beyond speech.
- Limits of nonviolent language: Derrida suggests that language cannot fully escape its complicity with violence, and that ethical responsibility requires acknowledging this tension.
What is Derrida’s interpretation of the face and alterity in "Writing and Difference"?
- Face as ethical demand: The face represents the irreducible otherness of the Other, calling the self to responsibility and interrupting the totality of the Same.
- Beyond representation: The face is not a mere sign or object but an expression that cannot be fully grasped by conceptual thought.
- Foundation of ethics: Encountering the face is the origin of ethics, where nonviolence and respect arise from the impossibility of reducing the Other to the Same.
How does "Writing and Difference" by Jacques Derrida engage with structuralism and the concept of the sign?
- Critique of structuralism: Derrida examines the structuralist movement’s focus on form and structure, arguing that it often neutralizes meaning by ignoring creative force.
- Sign as unstable: He shows that the sign is never fully present, as meaning is always deferred and mediated by difference.
- Decentering of structure: Derrida marks a shift from fixed centers to a play of differences, where meaning is constructed through endless signification.
How does Derrida relate psychoanalysis and theater to his philosophy in "Writing and Difference"?
- Freud and writing: Derrida uses Freud’s theories to show how unconscious processes resemble writing, involving substitution, deferral, and play.
- Artaud’s Theater of Cruelty: He discusses Artaud’s vision of theater as an affirmation of life beyond representation, challenging the dominance of text and speech.
- Unconscious as difference: Derrida emphasizes that the unconscious is not a hidden meaning to be decoded but a site of irreducible difference and play.
What are the best quotes from "Writing and Difference" by Jacques Derrida and what do they mean?
- “There is nothing outside the text.” This famous line encapsulates Derrida’s idea that meaning is always mediated by language and context, with no pure presence or origin outside of textuality.
- “Différance is not a word, not a concept, but the possibility of conceptuality.” Here, Derrida highlights différance as the condition for the emergence of meaning, not a fixed concept but an ongoing process.
- “The center is not the center.” This phrase reflects Derrida’s critique of structuralism, suggesting that the idea of a fixed origin or center is an illusion, and that meaning is always decentered and in play.
评论
《写作与差异》是雅克·德里达的一部颇具挑战性但影响深远的哲学著作。读者普遍认为其内容晦涩难懂，有人赞赏其开创性的思想，也有人批评其晦涩难解。该书通过对多位思想家的论文，探讨了解构主义、语言及意义的本质。许多评论者指出，阅读此书需具备一定的哲学基础，方能深入理解。尽管部分读者认为其颇具价值，但也有人质疑其意义及可读性。总体来看，评价分歧明显，有人视之为必读之作，有人则认为其复杂程度超出必要。
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