Team of Rivals

1. Lincoln's Unlikely Rise: From Humble Beginnings to Presidential Nominee

"There was little to lead one to suppose that Abraham Lincoln, nervously rambling the streets of Springfield that May morning, who scarcely had a national reputation, certainly nothing to equal any of the other three, who had served but a single term in Congress, twice lost bids for the Senate, and had no administrative experience whatsoever, would become the greatest historical figure of the nineteenth century."

Humble origins: Born in a log cabin in Kentucky, Lincoln's early life was marked by poverty, limited formal education, and constant relocation. Despite these challenges, he possessed an insatiable appetite for knowledge, often walking miles to borrow books and educating himself on various subjects.

Political ascent: Lincoln's political career began in the Illinois state legislature, where he served four terms. His national profile grew during his debates with Stephen Douglas for the U.S. Senate seat in 1858. Though he lost the election, these debates catapulted him into the national spotlight, showcasing his oratorical skills and principled stance against the expansion of slavery.

Key attributes:

• Self-educated and intellectually curious
• Skilled orator and storyteller
• Principled yet pragmatic politician
• Ability to connect with common people

2. The Republican Party's Formation and Lincoln's Strategic Positioning

"Lincoln was not a complete unknown to his rivals. By 1860, his path had crossed with each of them in different ways."

Party emergence: The Republican Party formed in the 1850s as a coalition of anti-slavery Whigs, Free-Soilers, and Northern Democrats. Its primary unifying principle was opposition to the expansion of slavery into new territories.

Lincoln's strategy: Lincoln positioned himself as a moderate within the party, avoiding extremist rhetoric while maintaining a firm stance against slavery's expansion. This approach allowed him to appeal to a broader range of voters and party factions.

Key elements of Lincoln's strategy:

• Emphasized preservation of the Union over abolition
• Focused on preventing slavery's expansion rather than immediate emancipation
• Balanced appeals to both conservative and radical elements within the party
• Utilized his reputation as "Honest Abe" to build trust across party lines

3. Lincoln's Rivals: Seward, Chase, and Bates

"Holding myself the humblest of all whose names were before the convention, I feel in especial need of the assistance of all; and I am glad—very glad—of the indication that you stand ready."

William Seward: A seasoned politician from New York, Seward was considered the frontrunner for the Republican nomination. He was known for his "higher law" and "irrepressible conflict" speeches, which made him popular among abolitionists but potentially controversial in more conservative states.

Salmon Chase: An ardent abolitionist and former Democrat from Ohio, Chase had a strong base of support among the party's more radical elements. His principled stance on slavery and experience as governor and senator made him a formidable candidate.

Edward Bates: A former Whig from Missouri, Bates represented the conservative wing of the Republican Party. His border state origins and moderate views on slavery made him attractive to those seeking a compromise candidate.

Comparison of the rivals:

• Experience: Seward and Chase > Bates > Lincoln
• National reputation: Seward > Chase > Bates > Lincoln
• Appeal to radicals: Chase > Seward > Lincoln > Bates
• Appeal to conservatives: Bates > Lincoln > Seward > Chase

4. The Chicago Convention: Lincoln's Unexpected Triumph

"Davis and I were greatly excited," Whitney recalled. Lincoln did not take it seriously at first, remarking only that "there's another great man in Massachusetts named Lincoln, and I reckon it's him."

Convention dynamics: The 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago was a pivotal moment in Lincoln's political career. Despite being considered a dark horse candidate, Lincoln's team executed a brilliant strategy to secure the nomination.

Lincoln's advantages:

• Home state advantage (convention held in Illinois)
• Perceived as a compromise candidate between radicals and conservatives
• Strong support from Illinois delegation and Western states
• Skilled campaign managers, including David Davis and Norman Judd

Key moments:

1. Seward's initial lead on the first ballot
2. Lincoln's surge on the second ballot
3. Lincoln's victory on the third ballot

Factors contributing to Lincoln's victory:

• Seward's perceived radicalism in key swing states
• Lincoln's ability to be a second choice for many delegates
• Strategic maneuvering by Lincoln's team to secure support from Pennsylvania and Indiana delegations

5. Lincoln's Cabinet: A Team of Rivals

"If I have one vice, and I can call it nothing else,—it is not to be able to say no!"

Cabinet formation: Lincoln made the unprecedented decision to include his chief rivals for the Republican nomination in his cabinet, demonstrating both political acumen and a willingness to surround himself with strong, diverse voices.

Key appointments:

• William Seward: Secretary of State
• Salmon Chase: Secretary of the Treasury
• Edward Bates: Attorney General
• Montgomery Blair: Postmaster General
• Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy

Strategic considerations:

• Balanced representation of different factions within the Republican Party
• Geographical diversity to ensure broad national support
• Utilization of the talents and experience of his former rivals
• Demonstration of Lincoln's confidence and leadership ability

Challenges:

• Managing strong personalities and potential conflicts
• Balancing competing interests and ambitions within the cabinet
• Ensuring loyalty to the administration's policies

6. The Secession Crisis: Southern States Withdraw from the Union

"For Southern radicals, a correspondent for the Charleston Courier observed, Lincoln's victory opened the door to the goal 'desired by all true hearted Southerners, viz: a Southern Confederacy.'"

Immediate reaction: Following Lincoln's election in November 1860, Southern states began the process of secession. By February 1861, seven states had left the Union: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

Reasons for secession:

• Fear of Lincoln's perceived hostility to slavery
• Belief that Republican control would lead to abolition
• Long-standing grievances over Northern opposition to slavery's expansion
• Concern over the erosion of Southern political power

Northern response: The secession crisis caught many in the North by surprise, including President Buchanan. There was significant debate over how to respond, with opinions ranging from allowing peaceful secession to using military force to preserve the Union.

Key issues:

• Constitutional questions about the legality of secession
• Concerns over federal property in seceding states, particularly forts
• Attempts at compromise, such as the Crittenden Compromise
• Growing tensions and the possibility of armed conflict

7. Lincoln's Precarious Position: Balancing Party Unity and National Crisis

"Lincoln was determined to stand behind the Republican platform, believing that any attempt to soften his position would dishearten his supporters in the North without producing any beneficial impact on the South."

Lame-duck period: The period between Lincoln's election and inauguration (November 1860 to March 1861) was marked by increasing tension and uncertainty. Lincoln faced pressure to make conciliatory statements to placate the South while maintaining the support of his Republican base.

Lincoln's approach:

• Refused to make public statements that could be seen as apologizing for his election
• Maintained firm opposition to the expansion of slavery into territories
• Worked behind the scenes to influence Republican policy in Congress
• Focused on cabinet formation and preparation for assuming office

Challenges:

• Limited ability to act as president-elect
• Growing divisions within the Republican Party over how to respond to secession
• Increasing pressure for compromise or military action
• Uncertainty over the status of federal property in seceding states

Key considerations for Lincoln:

• Preserving Republican Party unity
• Maintaining support in key Northern and border states
• Preparing for potential military conflict
• Developing a strategy to address the secession crisis upon taking office

This critical period set the stage for Lincoln's presidency and the impending Civil War, testing his political skills and leadership abilities even before he assumed office.

Last updated: July 20, 2024