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Broken Money

Broken Money

Why Our Financial System is Failing Us and How We Can Make it Better
作者 Lyn Alden 2023 538 页数
4.66
1k+ 评分
8 分钟

重点摘要

1. 货币从账本演变为基于商品的系统,黄金成为主导形式

“在现代历史中,黄金的库存与流量比率一直保持在25倍到100倍之间,通常平均在50倍以上,在19世纪中期的淘金热期间短暂下降到不低于16倍。”

货币的起源。 货币起初是古代文明中的简单账本,随着贸易的扩展,演变为基于商品的系统。各种物品曾作为原始货币,包括贝壳、珠子和盐。随着时间的推移,贵金属,特别是黄金和白银,由于其稀缺性、耐久性和可分性,成为主要的货币形式。

黄金的至高无上。 黄金最终胜过其他商品,因为:

  • 最高的库存与流量比率(年产量/现有供应量)
  • 耐久性和抗腐蚀性
  • 相对于体积和重量的高价值密度
  • 全球认可和接受

货币属性。 理想的货币应具备:

  • 可分性
  • 便携性
  • 耐久性
  • 可替代性
  • 可验证性
  • 稀缺性

2. 银行创新集中控制货币并增加交易与结算之间的速度差距

“这些行动的结合显示了‘谁控制账本’这一问题的重要性,也显示了这一问题的答案可以多么迅速地改变。”

银行的演变。 银行系统的发展,包括复式记账法和部分准备金银行制度,导致了货币控制的集中化。关键创新包括:

  • 原始银行和哈瓦拉系统
  • 文艺复兴时期意大利的复式记账法
  • 部分准备金银行制度
  • 中央银行

速度差距的出现。 19世纪电信系统的发明创造了交易与结算速度之间的显著差距:

  • 交易可以以光速进行
  • 实物黄金结算仍然缓慢
  • 这种差距赋予了银行和中央银行权力
  • 导致经济的抽象化和金融化

3. 全球货币秩序从金本位转向法定货币,权力集中在中央银行

“到1999年,瑞士是最后一个保持金本位的国家,在1999年放弃了金本位。在20世纪的大部分时间里,金本位早已消失。”

金本位时代。 国际金本位从19世纪70年代到第一次世界大战期间占主导地位,提供了一个稳定的全球货币系统。主要特点包括:

  • 货币与特定数量的黄金挂钩
  • 国际贸易以黄金结算
  • 政府操纵货币供应的能力有限

布雷顿森林体系。 第二次世界大战后,布雷顿森林体系建立:

  • 美元作为世界储备货币
  • 美元以每盎司35美元的价格与黄金挂钩
  • 其他货币与美元挂钩

法定货币时代。 1971年布雷顿森林体系崩溃后,现行的法定货币系统形成:

  • 不再由实物商品支持
  • 中央银行完全控制货币供应
  • 政府货币政策更加灵活
  • 持续的通货膨胀和货币贬值

4. 法定货币系统导致持续的通货膨胀和经济的金融化

“通过挥手否定贵金属或任何形式的自然约束作为维持公共账本纪律的不必要或笨拙的方式,他们忽略了一个关键方面:商品货币之所以经受住了数千年的考验,是因为即使在有充分理由的情况下,也没有人能立即制造更多。”

通货膨胀偏向。 法定货币系统本质上导致持续的通货膨胀:

  • 中央银行目标为正通货膨胀率(例如,每年2%)
  • 货币供应增长快于经济产出
  • 货币购买力随时间下降

金融化效应:

  • 投机和资产泡沫增加
  • 从生产性投资转向金融工程
  • 财富不平等加剧
  • 以前非货币资产的货币化(例如,房地产)

长期债务周期。 法定系统允许不可持续的债务水平积累:

  • 经济扩张期间的私人部门债务积累
  • 危机期间的公共部门债务扩张
  • 最终的债务重组或通过通货膨胀减少债务负担

5. 比特币代表了一种革命性的、去中心化的数字货币,抗审查和贬值

“比特币是一个分布式公共账本,有人称之为‘三重记账法’。它是一个协议,允许全球所有参与者每十分钟左右就账本状态达成共识。”

比特币的关键创新:

  • 去中心化的点对点数字现金系统
  • 解决了无需中介的双重支付问题
  • 固定供应量为2100万枚
  • 工作量证明共识机制

比特币作为数字黄金:

  • 高库存与流量比率
  • 抗审查
  • 全球可访问
  • 易于验证和分割

货币政策:

  • 预定的发行计划
  • 大约每四年减半的区块奖励
  • 随时间递减的通货膨胀率

6. 闪电网络和其他基于比特币的层增强了其可扩展性和实用性

“闪电网络是一系列运行在比特币基础层之上的2-of-2多重签名智能合约。这些通道是点对点的,可以在每个基础层交易上支持多次交易。”

闪电网络的好处:

  • 实现快速、低成本的小额支付
  • 增加比特币的交易吞吐量
  • 增强小额交易的隐私性
  • 支持机器对机器支付

其他比特币层:

  • 侧链(例如,Liquid Network)
  • 联邦网络(例如,Fedimint)
  • 智能合约平台(例如,RSK,Stacks)

分层扩展方法:

  • 保持基础层的去中心化和安全性
  • 允许在每一层进行不同的优化
  • 模仿传统金融系统的结构

7. 工作量证明共识为比特币提供了不可伪造的历史,不同于权益证明系统

“每个区块消耗的能量不仅保护了该区块中的UTXO(交易),还反过来保护了所有过去区块中发生的全球UTXO。原因是,如果不先恢复当前区块,就不可能恢复过去的UTXO。每个新区块实际上将所有现有的UTXO埋在其重量之下。”

工作量证明的优势:

  • 创建不可伪造的、客观的历史
  • 需要现实世界的资源(能源)来保护网络
  • 抵抗女巫攻击和勾结
  • 允许节点在无需信任的情况下离开和重新加入

权益证明的局限性:

  • 依赖于确定正确链条的循环逻辑
  • 更复杂且容易集中化
  • 缺乏历史上的不可伪造成本
  • 需要对网络的持续信任

能源输入的重要性:

  • 作为真理的中立仲裁者
  • 将数字领域与物理现实连接
  • 实现真正的去中心化共识

8. 比特币的能源使用受其效用限制,主要消耗闲置能源资源

“从长远来看,比特币的能源使用严格受其为用户提供的效用限制,并且比特币主要消耗本来会被浪费的闲置能源。”

能源使用限制:

  • 矿工收入(区块补贴+交易费用)限制了总能源支出
  • 区块补贴减少随着时间推移降低比特币的能源强度
  • 长期能源使用将由交易费用和网络采用决定

闲置能源利用:

  • 比特币矿工寻找最便宜的可用电力
  • 通常使用多余的可再生能源或燃烧的天然气
  • 可以改善电网稳定性并激励可再生能源发展

能源使用背景:

  • 目前占全球能源消耗的不到0.1%
  • 与许多其他行业(例如,黄金开采、银行系统)相当或更少
  • 通过第二层解决方案和技术改进提高效率的潜力

最后更新日期:

FAQ

What's Broken Money about?

  • Historical Evolution: Broken Money by Lyn Alden explores the historical evolution of money, from ancient ledgers to modern financial systems, and examines why certain commodities like gold and silver became dominant.
  • Critique of Current Systems: Alden critiques the current financial system, highlighting the issues with fiat currencies, such as inflation and devaluation, and argues for a reevaluation in light of technological advancements.
  • Future of Money: The book speculates on the future of money, particularly with the rise of cryptocurrencies and digital currencies, and discusses their potential to address the shortcomings of current systems.

Why should I read Broken Money?

  • Informed Perspective: The book provides a comprehensive understanding of money's workings and historical context, helping readers make informed financial decisions.
  • Critical Analysis: Alden offers a critical analysis of the financial system, challenging conventional wisdom and encouraging readers to think critically about monetary policies.
  • Practical Implications: The book discusses the practical implications of monetary systems on everyday life, empowering readers to navigate financial challenges effectively.

What are the key takeaways of Broken Money?

  • Nature of Money: Money serves as a ledger, tracking value and transactions, with consistent properties throughout history despite changes in form.
  • Impact of Technology: Technological advancements have historically influenced money's nature, and the current system needs to adapt to modern technologies like cryptocurrencies.
  • Consequences of Fiat Systems: Fiat currencies pose risks like inflation and economic instability, prompting a need to consider alternatives for savings and investments.

What are the best quotes from Broken Money and what do they mean?

  • "Money is a ledger.": This quote encapsulates the book's theme that money is fundamentally a record of transactions and value, emphasizing its societal role.
  • "The financial system as we know it isn’t working anymore.": Alden critiques the current system's failure to meet economic needs, urging a reevaluation of fiat currencies.
  • "Politics can affect things locally and temporarily, but technology can affect things globally and permanently.": This highlights technology's transformative power in shaping monetary systems, suggesting cryptocurrencies' potential impact.

How does Lyn Alden define money in Broken Money?

  • Core Definition: Alden defines money as a ledger system for recording transactions and value, crucial for understanding its historical purpose.
  • Properties of Effective Money: Effective money is portable, divisible, durable, and scarce, determining which forms succeed historically.
  • Commodity Money: Alden views commodity money, like gold, as governed by natural laws and scarcity, contrasting with fiat money's arbitrary nature.

What historical examples does Broken Money provide?

  • Ancient Ledgers: The book discusses ancient Mesopotamian clay tablets as early ledgers, foundational to modern money.
  • The Gold Standard: Alden examines the gold standard's rise and fall, highlighting its role in monetary stability and fiat currency volatility.
  • Hyperinflation Cases: Examples like Zimbabwe and Venezuela illustrate fiat currencies' dangers and poor monetary policies' consequences.

How does Broken Money address the future of money?

  • Rise of Cryptocurrencies: Alden explores cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin as alternatives to fiat currencies, analyzing their potential to address current system shortcomings.
  • Decentralized Finance (DeFi): The book discusses DeFi's implications for banking and money, suggesting it could provide more equitable financial access.
  • Technological Innovations: Alden emphasizes blockchain and digital currencies' role in creating efficient, stable monetary systems.

What is the Cantillon Effect mentioned in Broken Money?

  • Definition: The Cantillon Effect describes how changes in money supply affect different groups unevenly, benefiting those closest to new money first.
  • Impact on Wealth Distribution: This effect contributes to wealth inequality, as those with early access to new money benefit from rising asset prices.
  • Historical Context: Alden provides historical examples, linking the Cantillon Effect to modern monetary policies and socioeconomic impacts.

How does Broken Money critique central banking?

  • Centralization of Power: Alden critiques central banking for concentrating monetary power, leading to poor decision-making and instability.
  • Inflationary Policies: Central banks' inflationary policies erode purchasing power and savings, highlighting risks in relying on them for stability.
  • Lack of Accountability: The book emphasizes central banking's lack of accountability, urging consideration of alternative monetary frameworks.

What solutions does Broken Money propose for the current financial system?

  • Adoption of Sound Money: Alden advocates for sound money principles, suggesting commodity-backed currencies for economic stability.
  • Decentralized Alternatives: The book encourages exploring decentralized financial systems and cryptocurrencies to enhance inclusion and reduce centralization.
  • Reform of Banking Practices: Alden calls for banking reforms to promote transparency and accountability, aiming for a resilient financial system.

How does Lyn Alden explain the relationship between fiat currency and inflation in Broken Money?

  • Inflation as a Feature: Inflation is inherent in fiat systems, as governments can print money, eroding purchasing power.
  • Impact on Savings: Inflation affects savers in fiat currencies, prompting a need for alternatives that preserve value.
  • Historical Examples: Alden provides historical context, illustrating fiat currencies' flaws and the urgency for sound money alternatives.

What role does Bitcoin play in the future financial system according to Broken Money?

  • Decentralized Alternative: Bitcoin serves as a decentralized alternative to fiat currencies, offering a stable store of value.
  • Global Payment System: Bitcoin facilitates global transactions without intermediaries, democratizing financial access.
  • Long-term Viability: As fiat limitations become apparent, Bitcoin's adoption could reshape the financial landscape, challenging existing systems.

评论

4.66 满分 5
平均评分来自 1k+ 来自Goodreads和亚马逊的评分.

《破碎的货币》由林·奥尔登撰写,因其对货币系统从古代到现代加密货币的全面探讨而备受赞誉。读者们欣赏奥尔登对复杂金融概念的清晰解释,她在讨论比特币时的平衡视角,以及她对当前法定货币系统缺陷的洞见。该书因其对新手和专家都具有可读性而受到称赞,尽管有些人认为比特币部分不太令人信服。总体而言,这本书被认为是理解货币的过去、现在和潜在未来的必读之作。

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关于作者

Lyn Alden 是一位备受尊敬的金融分析师和投资策略师,以其对复杂经济话题的清晰解释而闻名。凭借工程和金融背景,她在货币系统和投资策略的分析中带来了独特的视角。Alden 是 Lyn Alden 投资策略的创始人,并通过她的新闻通讯、文章和社交媒体获得了大量追随者。她的工作通常集中在宏观经济趋势、价值投资和加密货币等新兴技术上。Alden 的方法以深入研究、数据驱动的分析和对金融市场及经济周期的长期视角为特征。

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