Grant

1. Grant's humble beginnings and early military career shaped his character

"He was a quiet, serious sort of boy who took everything in earnest; even when he played he made a business of it."

Early life and education: Ulysses S. Grant was born in 1822 in Point Pleasant, Ohio, to a modest family. His father, Jesse Grant, was a tanner and ambitious businessman, while his mother, Hannah, was a quiet and reserved woman. Grant's childhood was marked by a love for horses and a dislike for his father's tannery business. He attended West Point, graduating in 1843, despite not being particularly passionate about a military career.

Character development: Grant's early experiences shaped his character in several ways:

• Developed a strong work ethic and sense of duty
• Learned to be self-reliant and resourceful
• Cultivated a quiet, unassuming demeanor that belied his inner strength
• Gained an appreciation for simplicity and practicality

2. The Mexican-American War provided crucial experience for Grant's future success

"I saw an open field . . . so covered with dead that it would have been possible to walk across the clearing, in any direction, stepping on dead bodies, without a foot touching the ground."

Combat experience: The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) provided Grant with invaluable battlefield experience. He served under Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, participating in several key battles, including:

• Palo Alto
• Resaca de la Palma
• Monterrey
• Veracruz
• Cerro Gordo

Lessons learned: The war taught Grant several crucial lessons that would serve him well in the Civil War:

• Importance of logistics and supply lines
• Value of aggressive, offensive tactics
• Understanding of terrain and its impact on strategy
• Insight into the strengths and weaknesses of future Civil War generals

3. Grant's struggles with civilian life and alcohol addiction nearly derailed his career

"I have done my very best to obey orders . . . If my course is not satisfactory remove me at once."

Post-war challenges: After the Mexican-American War, Grant struggled to adapt to civilian life. He faced several setbacks:

• Failed attempts at farming and business ventures
• Separation from his wife and children due to military postings
• Rumors of excessive drinking and misconduct

Resignation and redemption: In 1854, Grant resigned from the army under a cloud of controversy, likely related to his drinking. He spent the next seven years in various civilian occupations, struggling to support his family. However, these hardships ultimately strengthened his character and prepared him for the challenges of the Civil War.

4. The Civil War offered Grant a chance at redemption and showcased his military genius

"I can't spare this man, he fights."

Early successes: When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Grant quickly volunteered and was appointed colonel of an Illinois regiment. His early victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in 1862 brought him national attention and earned him the nickname "Unconditional Surrender" Grant.

Rise to prominence: Grant's success continued with:

• Victory at Shiloh, despite initial setbacks
• Capture of Vicksburg, a major strategic achievement
• Appointment as general-in-chief of all Union armies in 1864

Grant's ability to learn from his mistakes, adapt to changing circumstances, and maintain a relentless offensive strategy set him apart from other Union generals and ultimately led to victory.

5. Grant's Vicksburg campaign demonstrated his strategic brilliance and perseverance

"I hope yet to fool the rebels and effect a landing where they do not expect me."

Innovative approach: The Vicksburg campaign showcased Grant's strategic genius. He employed several unconventional tactics:

• Running gunboats past Vicksburg's batteries at night
• Cutting supply lines and living off the land
• Conducting diversionary raids to confuse the enemy

Persistence and adaptability: Grant's campaign lasted for months, facing numerous setbacks and failed attempts. However, he continually adapted his strategy and refused to give up, eventually succeeding in capturing this crucial Confederate stronghold.

6. Grant's leadership style emphasized action, adaptability, and trust in subordinates

"I don't know what they intend to do with me . . . What command have I now?"

Key leadership traits: Grant's success as a general was due in large part to his unique leadership style:

• Emphasis on action and constant offensive pressure
• Willingness to adapt and learn from mistakes
• Trust in and empowerment of subordinate officers
• Clear, concise communication of orders and expectations

Contrast with other generals: Grant's approach stood in stark contrast to many other Union generals, who were often overly cautious and prone to inaction. His aggressive style aligned well with President Lincoln's desire for decisive action against the Confederacy.

7. Grant's commitment to emancipation and equal rights evolved throughout the war

"I do not know how a man living in the free states can show greater disrespect to his Government than by joining in a crusade against the institutions of the South."

Evolving views: Grant's stance on slavery and emancipation changed significantly over the course of the war:

• Initially focused solely on preserving the Union
• Gradually came to see emancipation as a military necessity
• By war's end, strongly supported full citizenship and voting rights for African Americans

Actions supporting emancipation:

• Implemented policies to protect and employ escaped slaves
• Supported the recruitment of African American soldiers
• Advocated for the ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

8. Grant's relationship with Lincoln was crucial to Union victory

"I think Grant has hardly a friend left, except myself."

Mutual trust and support: Despite never meeting in person until late in the war, Grant and Lincoln developed a strong working relationship based on:

• Shared commitment to preserving the Union
• Appreciation for Grant's aggressive military strategy
• Lincoln's unwavering support in the face of criticism
• Grant's loyalty and respect for civilian leadership

Impact on the war: The Lincoln-Grant partnership was instrumental in achieving victory:

• Lincoln provided political cover for Grant's controversial decisions
• Grant delivered the military results Lincoln desperately needed
• Their combined leadership maintained public support for the war effort

9. Grant's personal integrity and humility set him apart as a leader

"I am not a candidate for any office, nor would I hold one if it were thrust upon me."

Character traits: Throughout his career, Grant demonstrated several admirable qualities:

• Honesty and integrity in personal and professional dealings
• Humility and aversion to self-promotion
• Compassion for soldiers and civilians affected by the war
• Willingness to take responsibility for mistakes

Legacy: Grant's character contributed significantly to his success as a military leader and later as president. His memoirs, written while dying of cancer, are considered a masterpiece of American literature and a testament to his integrity and perseverance.

Last updated: August 11, 2024