The Bed of Procrustes

1. Embrace uncertainty and reject oversimplification

Unless we manipulate our surroundings, we have as little control over what and whom we think about as we do over the muscles of our hearts.

Our minds crave certainty. We tend to impose simplistic narratives on complex realities, often leading to dangerous misunderstandings. This cognitive bias stems from our evolutionary past, where quick categorization was crucial for survival. However, in our modern, information-rich world, this tendency can be detrimental.

Embracing uncertainty is crucial. Rather than forcing phenomena into known categories, we should:

• Suspend judgment when faced with complexity
• Recognize the limitations of our knowledge
• Be open to multiple, even contradictory, explanations
• Cultivate comfort with ambiguity and the unknown

By doing so, we become more resilient to unexpected events and better equipped to navigate the complexities of the modern world.

2. Knowledge is subtractive, not additive

Knowledge is subtractive, not additive—what we subtract (reduction by what does not work, what not to do), not what we add (what to do).

Unlearning is crucial. True knowledge often comes from eliminating false beliefs and ineffective practices rather than accumulating more information. This approach, known as via negativa, focuses on what to avoid rather than what to do.

Key aspects of subtractive knowledge:

• Identifying and eliminating harmful practices
• Recognizing and discarding false patterns
• Focusing on robustness through the elimination of fragilities
• Embracing simplicity by removing unnecessary complexities

This principle applies across various domains, from personal development to scientific research and business strategy. By focusing on what not to do, we can often achieve better results with less effort and risk.

3. True success lies in antifragility and robustness

For the robust, an error is information; for the fragile, an error is an error.

Antifragility trumps fragility. Robust systems benefit from volatility, stress, and disorder, while fragile systems break under pressure. Developing antifragility is key to long-term success and survival in an unpredictable world.

Characteristics of antifragile systems:

• Learn from mistakes and adapt
• Gain strength from adversity
• Thrive in uncertain environments
• Maintain optionality and flexibility

To cultivate antifragility:

• Embrace small, frequent failures as learning opportunities
• Build redundancy and slack into systems
• Avoid overoptimization and excessive efficiency
• Maintain a diverse portfolio of skills, investments, and strategies

By focusing on robustness and antifragility, individuals and organizations can not only survive but thrive in the face of uncertainty and change.

4. Beware of experts, forecasters, and academic phoniness

It is a waste of emotions to answer critics; better to stay in print long after they are dead.

Experts often mislead. Many so-called experts, particularly in fields like economics and finance, suffer from overconfidence and a tendency to oversimplify complex systems. Their predictions are frequently no better than chance, yet they rarely face consequences for their errors.

Problems with expert culture:

• Overreliance on models that don't capture real-world complexity
• Lack of skin in the game - no personal risk for bad advice
• Academic insularity leading to groupthink
• Inability to recognize the limits of their knowledge

To navigate this landscape:

• Be skeptical of confident predictions, especially in complex domains
• Look for experts with practical experience, not just theoretical knowledge
• Value those who admit uncertainty and the limitations of their expertise
• Focus on robustness and optionality rather than optimization based on forecasts

Remember that true wisdom often lies in recognizing the limits of our knowledge and embracing uncertainty.

5. Ethics and aesthetics trump utilitarian thinking

Life's beauty: the kindest act toward you in your life may come from an outsider not interested in reciprocation.

Beauty in asymmetry. True ethical behavior and aesthetic appreciation often arise from actions that defy utilitarian calculation. They stem from a deeper understanding of life's inherent value and complexity.

Key aspects of this perspective:

• Valuing acts of kindness without expectation of return
• Appreciating imperfections and irregularities in art and life
• Recognizing the limits of quantification in human affairs
• Embracing duties and virtues over mere cost-benefit analysis

This approach leads to:

• More authentic relationships
• A deeper appreciation of art and culture
• Ethical behavior rooted in principle rather than expedience
• A richer, more meaningful life experience

By prioritizing ethics and aesthetics over narrow utilitarianism, we can cultivate a more humane and fulfilling existence.

6. The modern world fosters fragility and inauthenticity

The three most harmful addictions are heroin, carbohydrates, and a monthly salary.

Modernity's pitfalls. Many aspects of modern life, while seemingly beneficial, actually increase our fragility and disconnect us from authentic human experience. This leads to various forms of addiction and dependence.

Sources of modern fragility:

• Over-reliance on technology and convenience
• Sedentary lifestyles and processed foods
• Job specialization and economic dependence
• Information overload and constant connectivity

To counter these trends:

• Cultivate self-reliance and practical skills
• Embrace natural movement and whole foods
• Seek financial independence and optionality
• Practice digital detox and mindful consumption of information

By recognizing and addressing these modern pitfalls, we can work towards a more robust and authentic way of living.

7. Wisdom comes from practical philosophy, not theory

To become a philosopher, start by walking very slowly.

Living philosophy. True wisdom arises not from abstract theorizing but from practical engagement with life's challenges. This approach, reminiscent of ancient philosophers, emphasizes experiential learning and character development.

Key aspects of practical philosophy:

• Embracing uncertainty and complexity
• Cultivating virtues through practice
• Learning from personal experiences and mistakes
• Applying philosophical insights to everyday life

Practices to cultivate wisdom:

• Regular reflection and self-examination
• Engaging in meaningful conversations and debates
• Seeking diverse experiences and perspectives
• Studying history and classical literature

By approaching philosophy as a lived practice rather than a purely intellectual pursuit, we can develop genuine wisdom and resilience.

8. Love, friendship, and magnificence require sacrifice and courage

Love without sacrifice is like theft.

Depth through commitment. Genuine relationships and personal greatness demand more than superficial engagement. They require the courage to be vulnerable and the willingness to sacrifice for something greater than oneself.

Characteristics of profound relationships and personal excellence:

• Willingness to take risks and face rejection
• Commitment to growth and mutual support
• Ability to withstand adversity together
• Prioritizing long-term fulfillment over short-term pleasure

To cultivate these qualities:

• Practice vulnerability and open communication
• Prioritize depth over breadth in relationships
• Embrace challenges as opportunities for growth
• Develop a personal code of ethics and honor

By embracing sacrifice and courage in our relationships and personal development, we can achieve a level of fulfillment and magnificence that superficial interactions cannot provide.

9. Economic systems are prone to hidden risks and agency problems

The agency problem drives every company, thanks to the buildup of hidden risks, to maximal fragility.

Systemic fragility. Modern economic systems, particularly large corporations and financial institutions, often accumulate hidden risks that can lead to catastrophic failures. This is exacerbated by misaligned incentives and the separation of risk from decision-making.

Key issues in economic systems:

• Moral hazard due to bailouts and limited liability
• Short-term thinking driven by quarterly reporting and bonuses
• Complexity that obscures true risks and dependencies
• Privatization of gains and socialization of losses

To address these problems:

• Implement skin in the game for decision-makers
• Encourage long-term thinking through policy and incentives
• Simplify and increase transparency in financial systems
• Foster antifragile economic structures that benefit from volatility

By recognizing and addressing these systemic issues, we can work towards more robust and equitable economic systems.

10. Social media and technology often degrade authentic human interaction

Every social association that is not face-to-face is injurious to your health.

Digital disconnection. While social media and modern technology promise increased connectivity, they often lead to shallow relationships and a loss of authentic human interaction. This can have negative effects on mental health and social cohesion.

Problems with digital interactions:

• Lack of nonverbal cues and emotional depth
• Encouragement of performative behavior and self-promotion
• Addiction to likes, shares, and other forms of digital validation
• Reduced capacity for deep focus and contemplation

To foster authentic connections:

• Prioritize face-to-face interactions when possible
• Practice active listening and empathy in all communications
• Set boundaries on digital device usage
• Engage in shared activities and experiences rather than just digital exchanges

By being mindful of the limitations of digital communication and actively cultivating authentic relationships, we can counteract the negative effects of technology on our social lives.

Last updated: August 8, 2024