What We Believe But Cannot Prove

1. The Unprovable Underpins Our Understanding

To believe something while knowing it cannot be proved (yet) is the essence of physics.

Faith in the Unknown. Science, often seen as the realm of provable facts, is deeply rooted in beliefs that cannot yet be proven. This paradox highlights that progress often begins with hunches, intuitions, and leaps of faith that guide scientific inquiry. These unprovable beliefs are not a weakness but a driving force, pushing the boundaries of knowledge.

• Examples include the belief in the existence of extra-terrestrial life, the nature of consciousness, and the ultimate structure of the universe.
• These beliefs are not arbitrary but are often based on patterns, analogies, and a sense of underlying order.

Beyond Certainty. The pursuit of knowledge is not just about finding answers but also about asking the right questions. The book suggests that we are in an age of "search culture," where we are inundated with correct answers, but we may be losing the ability to ask the right questions. It is okay to have hunches and to perceive on that basis, as science proceeds by having hunches, making guesses, and having hypotheses.

• The book challenges the notion that science is about knowing everything already.
• It emphasizes the importance of imagination and speculation in scientific progress.

The Beauty of the Unseen. Many scientific theories are accepted not because they are proven but because they are elegant and beautiful. This highlights the role of aesthetics in scientific thinking. The beauty of a theory can be a powerful indicator of its truth, even when empirical evidence is lacking.

• Einstein's theory of general relativity was accepted for years based on its beauty, before experimental verification.
• The book suggests that there is a deeper connection between beauty and truth.

2. Life's Ubiquity and Cosmic Significance

I believe that life is ubiquitous in the universe and that life on our planet Earth most likely is the result of a panspermic event.

Life Beyond Earth. Many contributors believe that life is common throughout the universe, not a unique occurrence on Earth. This belief is based on the vastness of the cosmos, the abundance of stars and planets, and the apparent ease with which life arose on Earth.

• The sheer number of galaxies, stars, and planets suggests that life is likely to exist elsewhere.
• Recent discoveries of exoplanets and organic molecules in space further support this idea.

Panspermia Hypothesis. Some contributors propose that life on Earth may have originated from microorganisms that arrived from outer space. This idea, known as panspermia, suggests that life may be a cosmic phenomenon, spread throughout the universe by comets, meteors, or even intergalactic dust.

• The discovery of extremophiles on Earth, organisms that can survive in extreme conditions, supports the possibility of life traveling through space.
• The book suggests that we are contributing to panspermia by launching microbes into space.

Cosmic Significance. If life is indeed ubiquitous, then the fate of terrestrial life takes on cosmic significance. The emergence of complexity and intelligence on Earth may be just the beginning of a larger process that will eventually permeate the galaxy and beyond.

• The book suggests that the future of life is not limited to Earth.
• It proposes that advanced intelligences may even create new universes.

3. The Limits of Proof and the Power of Belief

Proof, whether in science, philosophy, criminal court or daily life, is an elastic concept, interestingly beset with all kinds of human weakness, as well as ingenuity.

Elasticity of Proof. The concept of proof is not absolute but is shaped by human biases, assumptions, and limitations. What is considered proof in one context may not be in another. This highlights the subjective nature of knowledge and the importance of critical thinking.

• Examples include the different standards of proof in science, law, and daily life.
• The book suggests that even mathematical proofs can be subject to error and revision.

Belief as a Driving Force. Belief, even when unprovable, can be a powerful motivator for action and discovery. Many scientific breakthroughs have been driven by a strong belief in a particular idea, even when evidence was lacking.

• The book suggests that belief is not the antithesis of science but an essential part of it.
• It emphasizes the importance of informed guesswork and intellectual playfulness.

Beyond Empirical Evidence. Some truths may not be accessible through empirical observation or scientific proof. These truths may be related to fundamental questions about existence, meaning, and purpose.

• The book suggests that there are limits to human knowledge.
• It proposes that some truths may be intuitive or experiential rather than provable.

4. The Dance of Consciousness and Reality

I believe that consciousness and its contents are all that exists.

Consciousness as Fundamental. Some contributors propose that consciousness is not a product of matter but is the fundamental reality from which matter arises. This view challenges the traditional materialist perspective and suggests that our understanding of the universe may be incomplete.

• The book suggests that spacetime, matter, and fields are contents of consciousness.
• It proposes that the world of our daily experience is a species-specific user interface.

The Illusion of Free Will. The book explores the idea that free will may be an illusion, a feeling that arises from the complexity of our brains. This idea challenges our traditional notions of agency and responsibility.

• Some contributors suggest that decisions just happen without a sense of anyone making them.
• The book proposes that it is possible to live happily and morally without believing in free will.

The Mystery of Subjective Experience. The book acknowledges the difficulty of explaining subjective experience, the "what it's like" aspect of consciousness. This is known as the "hard problem" of consciousness, and it remains a major challenge for science.

• The book suggests that the mind-body problem may not be solvable within a physicalist framework.
• It proposes that consciousness may be a fundamental property of nature.

5. Humanity's Unique Cognitive Trajectory

I believe, but cannot prove, that religious experience and practice is generated and structured largely by a few emotions that evolved for other reasons—particularly awe, moral elevation, disgust, and attachment-related emotions.

Language and Consciousness. Some contributors believe that the acquisition of language is a necessary precondition for human consciousness. This view suggests that our unique cognitive abilities are closely tied to our capacity for symbolic thought and communication.

• The book proposes that nonhuman animals and prelinguistic children may not be conscious in the same way as adults.
• It suggests that human subjectivity is a by-product of human language.

The Power of Abstraction. Humans have a unique ability to represent information in abstract, algebraic-like codes. This ability allows us to create open-ended systems of expression, such as language, mathematics, and art.

• The book suggests that this ability is a key factor in human intelligence.
• It proposes that even infants are capable of abstract thought.

The Role of Emotions. Emotions play a crucial role in shaping our thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors. Some contributors suggest that religious experiences are generated and structured by emotions such as awe, moral elevation, disgust, and attachment.

• The book proposes that hostility toward religion is an obstacle to progress in psychology.
• It suggests that psychologists should take religious experience seriously.

6. The Interplay of Science, Culture, and Evolution

I believe that deceit and self-deception play a disproportionate role in human-generated disasters.

Evolutionary Purpose. Some contributors believe that evolution has a purpose and direction, with matter groping toward complexity. This view challenges the notion that evolution is a purely random process.

• The book suggests that meaning and purpose may emerge as a by-product of human interaction and collaboration.
• It proposes that evolution is a team sport, with survival of the fittest applying to groups rather than individuals.

The Role of Deceit and Self-Deception. Deceit and self-deception play a significant role in human behavior, contributing to both individual and collective failures. This suggests that our capacity for rational thought is often undermined by our own biases and illusions.

• The book proposes that self-deception limits individual achievement.
• It suggests that deceit and self-deception contribute to the underdevelopment of the social sciences.

The Power of Boredom. Boredom can be a powerful catalyst for creativity and innovation. When we are not constantly stimulated by external stimuli, we are more likely to engage in introspection and generate new ideas.

• The book suggests that overfeeding our young with packaged entertainment may stifle their creativity.
• It proposes that boredom drove some contributors into mathematics.

7. The Future of Knowledge and the Unknown

I believe that neuroscientists will never have enough understanding of the neural code, the secret language of the brain, to read peoples’ thoughts without their consent.

The Limits of Scientific Understanding. Some contributors believe that there will always be things we do not know, that the universe is inherently unknowable. This view challenges the idea that science will eventually explain everything.

• The book suggests that there are aspects of nature that may not be mathematically expressible.
• It proposes that our scientific theories must be forever incomplete.

The Neural Code. The book explores the idea that the brain operates according to a complex neural code, a secret language that transforms sensory data into perceptions, memories, and decisions. Some contributors believe that this code will never be fully deciphered.

• The book suggests that each person's neural code is idiosyncratic.
• It proposes that our minds will always remain hidden to some extent.

The Importance of Humility. The book emphasizes the importance of humility in the face of the unknown. We should be open to the possibility that our current understanding of the universe is incomplete and that there are many things we have yet to discover.

• The book suggests that we should hold our unproved beliefs with a certain tentativeness.
• It proposes that we should assess others' ideas with open-minded skepticism.

8. The Nature of Time, Space, and the Universe

I believe that our universe is infinite in size, finite in age, and just one among many.

The Multiverse. Some contributors believe that our universe is not unique but is just one among many. This idea, known as the multiverse, suggests that there may be an infinite number of universes with different physical properties.

• The book suggests that the Big Bang that created our universe may not be unique.
• It proposes that the existence of other universes may help explain the features of our own.

The Nature of Time. The book explores the nature of time, questioning whether it is a fundamental aspect of reality or an emergent property. Some contributors believe that time may not have a beginning or an end.

• The book suggests that our understanding of time may be incomplete.
• It proposes that our history may extend backward before the Big Bang.

The Speed of Light. Some contributors believe that the speed of light may not be an immutable constant. This idea challenges our current understanding of physics and suggests that there may be ways to circumvent the speed-of-light limit.

• The book suggests that the speed of light may have changed over time.
• It proposes that future technologies may be able to manipulate the speed of light.

9. The Elusive Nature of Truth and Reality

I believe, but cannot prove, that reality exists independent of its human and social constructions.

Independent Reality. Some contributors believe that reality exists independently of our human and social constructions. This view suggests that there is an objective world that exists regardless of our perceptions or beliefs.

• The book suggests that science is the best method for understanding this reality.
• It proposes that our knowledge of nature remains provisional.

The Nature of Belief. The book explores the nature of belief, questioning what it means to believe that a proposition is true. Some contributors suggest that belief is a content-independent process, governed by the same neural circuitry regardless of the content.

• The book suggests that beliefs about God are the same as beliefs about numbers or penguins.
• It proposes that mere feelings of conviction are not enough when it comes to talking about the way the world is.

The Limits of Objectivity. The book acknowledges that science is a human activity and that our understanding of reality is always filtered through our own biases and limitations. This suggests that there may be limits to our ability to achieve complete objectivity.

• The book suggests that fuzzy logic and fractional probabilities best describe both nature and our understanding of it.
• It proposes that there is no such thing as final truth.

10. The Power of Collaboration and Shared Experience

I believe that if there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, of whatever form, it will be familiar with the concept of numerical counting.

The Importance of Collaboration. The book highlights the importance of collaboration in scientific progress. Many scientific breakthroughs have been the result of collective effort, with scientists building on each other's ideas and discoveries.

• The book suggests that evolution is a team sport.
• It proposes that most great leaps forward in human civilization have been feats of collaborative effort.

Shared Human Nature. Despite our diverse languages, religions, and social practices, all humans share the same fundamental concepts, values, concerns, and commitments. This suggests that there is a common human nature that transcends cultural differences.

• The book suggests that our common conceptual and moral commitments spring from core cognitive systems.
• It proposes that we should overcome our misconceptions of human differences.

The Value of Shared Experience. The book emphasizes the importance of shared experiences in shaping our understanding of the world. Our beliefs are often tied up with the labors accomplished by fellow beings.

• The book suggests that we have a hand backing us, the fact that we are all survivors.
• It proposes that we have reason to trust our ability to deal with whatever challenges we meet.

Last updated: January 25, 2025