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Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs

Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs

The Truth About Weight, Why We're Sick, and How to Stay Alive
作者 David A. Kessler 2020 224 页数
3.98
100+ 评分
9 分钟
Listen to Summary (9 分钟)

重点摘要

1. 快速碳水化合物是肥胖和代谢疾病的主要罪魁祸首

快速碳水化合物劫持食欲,干扰饱腹感,使体重控制变得困难,并对代谢途径产生毒性影响,导致胰岛素抵抗、肥胖和慢性疾病的恶性循环。

快速碳水化合物的问题。 快速碳水化合物,包括加工淀粉和糖类,被我们的身体迅速吸收,导致血糖和胰岛素水平的急剧上升。这引发了一系列代谢紊乱,可能导致体重增加、胰岛素抵抗和慢性疾病,如2型糖尿病和心脏病。

历史背景。 在过去的50年里,我们饮食中快速碳水化合物的普及率显著增加,与肥胖和代谢紊乱的上升率相吻合。这一变化可以追溯到农业政策、食品加工技术和饮食指南的变化,这些变化无意中促进了加工碳水化合物的消费。

对健康的影响。 快速碳水化合物不仅导致体重增加,还会破坏我们身体的自然食欲调节系统。它们无法引发饱腹感,导致过度消费和渴望与暴饮暴食的循环。这种持续的循环使个人难以保持健康体重,并使其面临各种代谢疾病的风险。

2. 加工食品使我们的饮食和健康变得更糟

如今,大约60%到70%的加工食品以淀粉为主要成分。

加工食品的接管。 食品工业通过引入高度加工的食品,极大地改变了我们的饮食格局,这些食品被设计得不可抗拒且容易过量消费。这些食品通常将快速碳水化合物与脂肪、糖和盐结合,创造出一种超美味的产品,触发我们大脑的奖励中心。

对营养的影响。 加工食品通常缺乏全食物的营养价值,可能导致热量过剩而营养不足。这可能导致一种矛盾的情况,即个人过度进食但营养不良。

隐藏的危险。 许多标榜为“健康”或“天然”的加工食品仍然含有快速碳水化合物,可能对我们的健康产生负面影响。即使是标有“全谷物”的产品也可能经过加工,改变其营养成分和我们身体的消化方式。

3. 我们消化碳水化合物的部位和速度影响饥饿感和代谢

我们消化碳水化合物的部位决定了我们的饥饿感如何得到满足。

消化过程很重要。 我们消化道中碳水化合物被分解和吸收的位置在我们身体对食物的反应中起着至关重要的作用。快速碳水化合物通常在消化过程的早期被消化,绕过了调节饥饿和饱腹感的重要激素信号。

激素信号。 慢速碳水化合物在消化道的更远处被消化,触发GLP-1等激素的释放,这些激素促进饱腹感并帮助调节血糖水平。而快速碳水化合物则无法刺激这些重要的激素反应。

代谢影响。 快速碳水化合物的快速吸收可能导致:

  • 血糖和胰岛素水平的急剧上升
  • 增加脂肪储存
  • 干扰正常的代谢过程
  • 干扰身体燃烧脂肪作为能量的能力

4. 消除快速碳水化合物是实现和保持健康体重的关键

减少或消除快速碳水化合物以实现和保持健康体重。

减肥策略。 从饮食中消除或显著减少快速碳水化合物是一种强有力的减肥和维持策略。这一策略有助于稳定血糖水平,减少胰岛素峰值,并促进脂肪燃烧。

可持续的方法。 与难以长期维持的限制性饮食不同,专注于消除快速碳水化合物允许更灵活和可持续的饮食模式。这种方法可以包括各种全食物,使其更容易长期坚持。

重新训练食欲。 通过消除快速碳水化合物,你可以:

  • 减少对糖类和淀粉类食物的渴望
  • 改善食欲调节
  • 增加对自然饥饿和饱腹感信号的敏感性
  • 打破暴饮暴食和体重增加的循环

5. 低快速碳水化合物饮食可以逆转代谢疾病并改善整体健康

我们有能力逆转代谢疾病。

代谢健康改善。 减少饮食中的快速碳水化合物可以显著改善代谢健康,包括:

  • 增强胰岛素敏感性
  • 降低血糖水平
  • 减少炎症
  • 改善血脂状况

逆转慢性病。 许多患有2型糖尿病、前驱糖尿病或代谢综合征的个人通过采用低快速碳水化合物饮食,已经看到显著改善甚至逆转其病情。这种方法通常可以减少或消除对药物的需求。

长期益处。 通过饮食改善代谢健康可以对整体健康产生深远影响,潜在地降低以下风险:

  • 心血管疾病
  • 某些癌症
  • 认知衰退
  • 激素失衡

6. 降低LDL胆固醇对预防心血管疾病至关重要

LDL导致心脏病。

LDL作为因果因素。 最近的研究明确表明,LDL胆固醇不仅与心脏病相关,而且是直接原因。降低LDL水平可以显著减少心血管事件的风险。

LDL降低目标。 目前的指南建议大多数成年人将LDL水平控制在100 mg/dL以下,对于高风险人群,目标甚至更低(低于70 mg/dL)。一些专家认为,甚至更低的水平可能带来额外的益处。

降低LDL的策略:

  • 减少饱和脂肪摄入
  • 增加植物性食物的摄入
  • 定期锻炼
  • 必要时使用药物(他汀类或其他降脂药物)
  • 限制快速碳水化合物,它们可能导致甘油三酯和LDL升高

7. 定期锻炼对代谢健康和体重维持至关重要

每天进行中等强度的锻炼以保持健康。

锻炼的好处。 定期的身体活动对维持代谢健康和健康体重至关重要。它改善胰岛素敏感性,有助于调节血糖水平,并增强身体燃烧脂肪作为能量的能力。

推荐的活动量。 每周至少进行150分钟的中等强度有氧活动或75分钟的高强度活动,并每周至少进行两次肌肉强化活动。

代谢灵活性。 锻炼有助于改善代谢灵活性,即身体在使用碳水化合物和脂肪作为燃料之间切换的能力。这种灵活性是保持健康体重和预防代谢疾病的关键。

8. 富含慢速碳水化合物的植物性饮食提供众多健康益处

参与者食用的全植物性食物越多,患冠心病的风险就越低。

植物性饮食的优势。 以全植物性食物为中心的饮食,包括蔬菜、水果、豆类和完整谷物,提供众多健康益处:

  • 降低心脏病风险
  • 减少炎症
  • 改善血糖控制
  • 更好的体重管理
  • 降低某些癌症的风险

慢速碳水化合物。 植物性饮食自然富含慢速碳水化合物,这些碳水化合物被更缓慢地消化和吸收,导致更稳定的血糖水平和更好的饱腹感。

营养密度。 植物性饮食通常富含:

  • 纤维
  • 抗氧化剂
  • 植物化学物质
  • 必需维生素和矿物质
    这些营养素有助于整体健康和疾病预防。

9. 平衡饮食和药物是降低心血管风险的最佳方法

我们可能能够在这一代人中消除大部分心脏病,但这可能需要结合降低脂质水平和血压的药物以及饮食来实现。

综合方法。 虽然饮食变化是改善心血管健康的强大工具,但将这些努力与适当的药物结合起来可以为许多人提供最佳结果,特别是那些高风险人群。

个性化策略。 饮食干预和药物之间的平衡应根据每个人的风险因素、健康状况和个人偏好量身定制。这可能包括:

  • 生活方式的改变(饮食和锻炼)
  • 降脂药物(如他汀类药物)
  • 降压药物
  • 定期监测和调整治疗计划

长期视角。 早期和持续地解决心血管风险因素可以对长期健康结果产生重大影响。这一方法需要承诺健康的生活方式选择和必要时遵守处方药物。

最后更新日期:

FAQ

What's Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs about?

  • Focus on Carbohydrates: The book delves into the effects of fast and slow carbohydrates on health, weight, and metabolic diseases. Fast carbs, which are processed and quickly absorbed, are linked to obesity and chronic illnesses.
  • Health Recommendations: David A. Kessler offers practical advice on reducing fast carbs to maintain a healthy weight and improve overall health.
  • Cultural Context: The book discusses the historical and cultural role of carbohydrates in American diets and how government guidelines have inadvertently promoted unhealthy eating habits.

Why should I read Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs?

  • Understanding Food Choices: It provides insights into the science behind food choices, particularly the difference between fast and slow carbs, crucial for informed dietary decisions.
  • Practical Advice: Kessler offers actionable strategies for reducing fast carbs, leading to significant health improvements, including weight loss and better metabolic health.
  • Personal Journey: The author shares his struggles with weight and overeating, making the book relatable and motivating for those facing similar challenges.

What are the key takeaways of Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs?

  • Reduce Fast Carbs: The main takeaway is to reduce or eliminate fast carbs to control weight and prevent metabolic diseases.
  • Focus on Whole Foods: A diet rich in whole, plant-based foods and slow carbs is crucial for long-term health.
  • Exercise Importance: Regular moderate-intensity exercise is recommended to complement dietary changes and improve metabolic health.

What are fast carbs and why are they harmful according to Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs?

  • Definition of Fast Carbs: Fast carbs are highly processed carbohydrates that are rapidly absorbed, causing spikes in blood sugar and insulin levels.
  • Health Consequences: They can hijack appetite, interfere with fullness, and contribute to overeating and weight gain.
  • Metabolic Impact: Consuming fast carbs can lead to insulin resistance, obesity, and chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease.

How do slow carbs differ from fast carbs in Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs?

  • Absorption Rate: Slow carbs are digested and absorbed more slowly, leading to gradual increases in blood sugar and insulin levels.
  • Nutritional Benefits: They are typically high in fiber and nutrients, promoting satiety and better overall health.
  • Health Outcomes: Diets rich in slow carbs are associated with lower risks of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

What recommendations does David A. Kessler make for dietary changes in Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs?

  • Eliminate Fast Carbs: Kessler strongly recommends reducing or eliminating fast carbs to improve health and maintain a healthy weight.
  • Focus on Plant-Based Foods: Incorporating more whole, plant-based foods and slow carbs is essential for a balanced diet.
  • Regular Exercise: Engaging in daily moderate-intensity exercise is crucial for weight management and metabolic health.

What role does exercise play in weight management according to Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs?

  • Exercise Benefits: Regular exercise helps regulate metabolism, increases energy expenditure, and aids in weight maintenance.
  • Combating Insulin Resistance: Exercise improves insulin sensitivity, allowing the body to better manage blood sugar levels.
  • Long-Term Commitment: Kessler stresses the importance of making exercise a lifelong habit for sustained health benefits.

What are some common misconceptions about carbohydrates in Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs?

  • Misunderstanding Whole Grains: Many believe products labeled "whole grain" are healthy, but they often undergo significant processing.
  • Confusion Over Carbohydrate Types: Not all carbohydrates are bad; slow carbs are beneficial for health.
  • Dietary Guidelines: Kessler critiques government guidelines for promoting high carbohydrate intake without distinguishing between fast and slow carbs.

How can I transition to a diet with more slow carbs according to Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs?

  • Start with Breakfast: Replace fast carb options like sugary cereals with slow carbs such as steel-cut oats or whole fruits.
  • Incorporate More Whole Foods: Focus on including more whole foods in your meals, such as vegetables, legumes, and whole grains.
  • Be Mindful of Portions: Pay attention to portion sizes of slow carbs to avoid overeating and find the right balance.

What role does the food industry play in our eating habits according to Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs?

  • Marketing Influence: The food industry heavily markets fast carbs and processed foods, often misleading consumers about their health benefits.
  • Consumer Demand: Products available in supermarkets reflect consumer demand, shaped by aggressive marketing strategies.
  • Need for Change: Kessler advocates for public demand and government action to reform food policies and raise awareness about fast carbs.

What are the best quotes from Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs and what do they mean?

  • “I don’t want that; it is killing me.” This quote reflects a mindset shift to resist cravings for unhealthy foods by viewing them as harmful.
  • “Your diet doesn’t have to be perfect.” Encourages a forgiving approach to eating habits, suggesting progress over perfection for better health outcomes.
  • “We need to chart that path now.” Underscores the urgency of addressing the public health crisis related to diet and nutrition.

How does Fast Carbs, Slow Carbs address the psychological aspects of eating?

  • Mindset Shift: Encourages viewing unhealthy options as harmful rather than just off-limits to reduce cravings.
  • Self-Compassion: Emphasizes being forgiving with oneself regarding dietary choices to alleviate guilt and shame.
  • Behavioral Strategies: Focuses on understanding triggers for overeating and developing strategies to manage them, including recognizing emotional eating patterns.

评论

3.98 满分 5
平均评分来自 100+ 来自Goodreads和亚马逊的评分.

读者们称赞《快碳水,慢碳水》清晰地解释了加工食品如何影响健康和体重。许多人发现关于碳水化合物消化的科学信息非常有启发性,特别是关于超加工食品的影响。一些人欣赏书中的实用建议和饮食计划,而另一些人则希望有更多具体的食物推荐。批评者认为这本书过于简化了营养学或缺乏确凿的证据。总体而言,读者们认为这本书信息丰富且可能改变生活,尽管有些人在实施建议的饮食变化时遇到了困难。

Your rating:

关于作者

大卫·亚伦·凯斯勒是一位多才多艺的专业人士,精通医学、法律和公共行政。他于1990年至1997年担任食品和药物管理局局长,对公共卫生政策做出了重大贡献。凯斯勒的背景包括儿科和法律,他曾在耶鲁大学和加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校等著名机构担任领导职务。作为一名作家,他撰写了关于营养、老年护理和健康政策等各种主题的文章。他在医疗保健、学术界和政府方面的丰富经验,使他成为公共卫生和医疗管理领域受人尊敬的权威。

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