The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog

1. Early trauma profoundly impacts brain development and behavior

Trauma and our responses to it cannot be understood outside the context of human relationships.

Brain plasticity: The developing brain is highly malleable, especially in early childhood. Traumatic experiences during this critical period can alter brain structure and function, leading to long-lasting effects on behavior, emotional regulation, and cognitive abilities.

Neurobiology of trauma: Trauma can disrupt the normal development of key brain regions, including:

• The limbic system: Responsible for emotional processing and regulation
• The prefrontal cortex: Involved in executive functions and decision-making
• The hippocampus: Critical for memory formation and contextualizing experiences

These alterations can manifest in various ways, such as:

• Hypervigilance and exaggerated startle responses
• Difficulty regulating emotions
• Impaired ability to form healthy relationships
• Problems with attention and learning

2. The brain's stress response systems can become sensitized by trauma

Part of the reason for Leon's rapid response to our therapy, I soon recognized, was that he had had nurturing experiences during his first year of life, before his grandmother had died.

Stress response sensitization: Repeated or severe trauma can lead to a chronically activated stress response system. This results in:

• Heightened reactivity to even minor stressors
• Difficulty returning to a calm state after stress
• Increased risk for anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues

Biological changes: Trauma-induced sensitization involves alterations in:

• Stress hormones like cortisol
• Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and serotonin
• Brain regions like the amygdala and hippocampus

These changes can persist long after the traumatic events have ended, shaping how individuals perceive and respond to their environment throughout life.

3. Relationships are crucial for healing from childhood trauma

The most powerful rewards we can receive are the attention, approval, and affection of people we love and respect.

Attachment and healing: Secure, nurturing relationships provide the foundation for recovery from trauma. These relationships offer:

• A sense of safety and stability
• Opportunities to learn healthy emotional regulation
• Models for positive social interactions

The therapeutic web: Recovery is most effective when supported by a network of caring individuals, including:

• Family members
• Teachers and school staff
• Mental health professionals
• Community mentors

This web of support helps traumatized children rebuild trust, develop resilience, and learn to form healthy attachments.

4. Therapeutic approaches must be tailored to a child's developmental stage

The key is to parent Peter where he is developmentally, not where he is chronologically.

Neurosequential Model of Therapeutics (NMT): This approach recognizes that trauma can arrest development in specific brain areas. Treatment involves:

• Assessing which brain regions and functions are underdeveloped
• Providing targeted, age-appropriate experiences to stimulate growth in these areas
• Sequencing interventions to match the brain's natural developmental order

Examples of developmentally-appropriate interventions:

• For brainstem issues: Rhythmic activities, music therapy
• For limbic system problems: Play therapy, art therapy
• For cortical challenges: Cognitive-behavioral therapy, educational support

This tailored approach helps children "catch up" developmentally and integrate their experiences more effectively.

5. Coercive therapies can retraumatize children and impede recovery

Using force or any type of coercion on traumatized, abused or neglected children is counterproductive: it simply retraumatizes them.

Harmful approaches: Certain therapeutic techniques, particularly those involving physical restraint or forced confrontation, can be deeply damaging to traumatized children. These include:

• "Holding therapy"
• Aggressive confrontational techniques
• Punitive behavior modification programs

Retraumatization risks: Coercive therapies can:

• Reinforce feelings of powerlessness and fear
• Damage the therapeutic relationship
• Interfere with the child's ability to develop trust and feel safe

Instead, effective therapy focuses on creating a safe, supportive environment where children can gradually process their experiences at their own pace.

6. Creating a sense of safety is essential for traumatized children to heal

To recover they must feel safe and in control.

Physiological safety: Traumatized children often live in a state of constant physiological arousal. Helping them feel safe involves:

• Creating predictable routines and environments
• Using calm, non-threatening body language and tone of voice
• Respecting personal boundaries and giving choices when possible

Emotional safety: Building trust and emotional security requires:

• Consistent, patient, and empathetic responses to the child's needs
• Validating the child's feelings and experiences
• Avoiding judgment or criticism of trauma-related behaviors

Cognitive safety: Helping children make sense of their experiences involves:

• Age-appropriate explanations of trauma and its effects
• Teaching coping skills and stress-management techniques
• Encouraging expression through art, play, or storytelling

By establishing safety across these domains, children can begin to relax their hypervigilance and engage in the healing process.

7. Society needs to prioritize prevention and early intervention for at-risk children

If we are to successfully raise healthy children, children who will be resilient in the face of any traumatic experience they may encounter—and some 40 percent of children will experience at least one potentially traumatic event before they become adults—we need to build a healthier society.

Prevention strategies: Effective approaches to reducing childhood trauma include:

• Supporting vulnerable families through home visiting programs
• Providing high-quality early childhood education
• Implementing community-based violence prevention initiatives
• Addressing poverty and systemic inequalities

Early intervention: When trauma does occur, rapid response is crucial. This involves:

• Training professionals to recognize signs of trauma in children
• Providing immediate support and resources to affected families
• Implementing trauma-informed practices in schools and childcare settings

Policy implications: To truly address childhood trauma, society must:

• Invest in comprehensive mental health services for children and families
• Reform child welfare systems to prioritize stable, nurturing placements
• Integrate trauma-informed approaches across education, healthcare, and social services

8. Empathy and understanding are key to helping traumatized children

Trauma and our responses to it cannot be understood outside the context of human relationships.

Building connection: Empathy allows caregivers and professionals to:

• See beyond challenging behaviors to the hurt child underneath
• Respond with compassion rather than punishment
• Create a safe space for children to express their feelings and experiences

Trauma-informed approach: Understanding the impact of trauma helps:

• Reframe "problem" behaviors as adaptive responses to adversity
• Avoid triggering or retraumatizing children unintentionally
• Tailor interventions to address the root causes of difficulties

Cultivating empathy: Strategies for developing empathy include:

• Education about the neurobiology of trauma
• Reflective practices to increase self-awareness
• Exposure to diverse perspectives and experiences

By fostering empathy and understanding, we can create environments where traumatized children feel seen, heard, and supported in their healing journey.

9. Healing from trauma requires patience, repetition, and consistent care

Trauma and our responses to it cannot be understood outside the context of human relationships. Whether people have survived an earthquake or have been repeatedly sexually abused, what matters most is how those experiences affect their relationships—to their loved ones, to themselves, and to the world.

Neuroplasticity and healing: The brain's ability to change and adapt forms the basis for trauma recovery. However, this process requires:

• Repeated positive experiences to counteract negative associations
• Consistent, predictable care to rebuild trust and security
• Patience, as healing often occurs in small increments over time

Creating new neural pathways: Recovery involves:

• Providing multiple opportunities for safe, nurturing interactions
• Reinforcing healthy coping skills through practice and repetition
• Gradually exposing children to challenging situations in a controlled, supportive environment

Long-term commitment: Effective trauma treatment often extends beyond traditional therapy sessions, requiring:

• Ongoing support from caregivers and other key figures in the child's life
• Flexibility to adjust interventions as the child's needs change over time
• Recognition that setbacks are a normal part of the healing process

10. Schools and communities play a vital role in supporting traumatized children

If we are to successfully raise healthy children, children who will be resilient in the face of any traumatic experience they may encounter—and some 40 percent of children will experience at least one potentially traumatic event before they become adults—we need to build a healthier society.

Trauma-informed schools: Educational settings can support healing by:

• Training staff to recognize and respond to signs of trauma
• Implementing classroom strategies that promote emotional regulation
• Providing alternative disciplinary approaches that avoid retraumatization

Community support: A holistic approach to helping traumatized children involves:

• After-school programs that offer safe, enriching environments
• Mentoring initiatives that connect children with positive adult role models
• Community-based mental health services that are accessible and culturally sensitive

Building resilience: Schools and communities can foster resilience by:

• Emphasizing social-emotional learning alongside academic skills
• Creating opportunities for children to develop a sense of mastery and competence
• Promoting positive peer relationships and social support networks

By integrating trauma-informed practices into schools and community organizations, we can create a supportive ecosystem that promotes healing and resilience for all children.

Last updated: January 22, 2025