Evolution of Desire

1. Evolution shapes human mating strategies and preferences

We are walking archives of ancestral wisdom.

Evolutionary psychology explains human mating behavior through the lens of natural and sexual selection. Our preferences and strategies are not arbitrary but reflect solutions to adaptive problems faced by our ancestors. These include:

• Selecting mates with good genes
• Securing a partner willing to invest resources
• Ensuring paternity for men
• Obtaining protection and provisioning for women

The field draws on various disciplines, including anthropology, biology, and psychology, to uncover the universal patterns in human mating across cultures. By understanding these evolved mechanisms, we can better comprehend modern dating behaviors, relationship dynamics, and sources of conflict between the sexes.

2. Men and women have distinct mate selection criteria

To an extraordinary degree, the predilections of the investing sex—females—potentially determine the direction in which species evolve.

Women prioritize resources and status in long-term mates due to the high costs of pregnancy and child-rearing. They seek partners who can provide:

• Economic stability
• Social status
• Emotional commitment
• Protection

Men prioritize youth and physical attractiveness as these traits signal fertility and reproductive value. This preference stems from:

• The need to identify fertile partners
• The desire to maximize reproductive success

These differing preferences reflect the asymmetry in parental investment between the sexes and have shaped the evolution of human courtship behaviors and societal norms around dating and marriage.

3. Physical attractiveness signals reproductive value

Beauty is in the adaptations of the beholder.

Attractiveness is not arbitrary but reflects cues to health, fertility, and good genes. Universal standards of beauty include:

• Facial symmetry
• Clear skin
• Lustrous hair
• Body shape (e.g., waist-to-hip ratio for women)

These traits evolved as honest signals of reproductive value because they are difficult to fake and correlate with health and fertility. The cosmetics and fashion industries exploit these innate preferences, often creating unrealistic standards that can lead to body image issues and eating disorders.

Men's attraction to youthful features in women is particularly strong as it directly correlates with fertility. This preference explains age gaps in relationships and the emphasis on anti-aging products for women.

4. Resources and status are key in male mate value

Men are one long breeding experiment run by women.

Women's preference for high-status men has shaped male behavior and societal structures. Men compete for status and resources because:

• It increases their attractiveness to potential mates
• It provides the means to support offspring

This preference explains:

• Male risk-taking behavior
• The pursuit of high-status careers
• Displays of wealth and generosity in courtship

Interestingly, women who have their own resources still prefer men with equal or higher status, contradicting the idea that women's economic independence would eliminate this preference. This suggests a deep-rooted evolutionary basis for the attraction to male status.

5. Short-term and long-term mating strategies coexist

Any animal that can perceive can be deceived.

Humans employ both short-term and long-term mating strategies depending on individual circumstances and environmental factors. Short-term strategies include:

• Casual sex
• Affairs
• Brief relationships

Long-term strategies involve:

• Committed partnerships
• Marriage
• Co-parenting

Each strategy comes with its own set of adaptive problems and solutions. For example:

• Short-term mating may allow men to increase their reproductive success but risks lowering paternity certainty
• Long-term mating provides women with resources and protection but may limit access to genetic diversity

The coexistence of these strategies leads to conflict both within individuals (e.g., the desire for commitment vs. the temptation of affairs) and between partners with differing goals.

6. Jealousy serves as a mate retention adaptation

The dangerous passion still serves its original function.

Sexual jealousy evolved as a solution to the adaptive problem of mate retention. It functions differently in men and women:

• Male jealousy focuses on sexual infidelity (threat to paternity)
• Female jealousy emphasizes emotional infidelity (threat to resource commitment)

Jealousy motivates behaviors such as:

• Mate guarding
• Deterring rivals
• Punishing infidelity

While jealousy can protect relationships, it can also lead to harmful behaviors like domestic violence and stalking. Understanding its evolutionary roots can help in developing strategies to manage jealousy in healthy ways.

7. Conflict arises from differing mating goals

Conflict in mating is the norm and not the exception.

Sexual conflict is inevitable due to the differing reproductive interests of men and women. Common sources of conflict include:

• Desired level of commitment
• Timing of sexual activity
• Resource allocation
• Mate guarding behaviors

These conflicts stem from evolved differences in mating strategies:

• Men benefit from multiple partners more than women do
• Women face higher costs from poor mate choices

Understanding these evolved differences can help couples navigate conflicts and develop empathy for their partner's perspective. It also explains persistent patterns in relationship problems across cultures and time.

8. Infidelity and mate-switching are adaptive strategies

Staying with a bad mate generally would not have helped ancestral humans to survive and reproduce successfully.

Infidelity and divorce can be seen as adaptive strategies under certain circumstances. They may serve to:

• Acquire better genes (in the case of female infidelity)
• Increase reproductive success (for male infidelity)
• Replace a mate who has decreased in value
• Secure a better provider or protector

Factors that increase the likelihood of infidelity or mate-switching include:

• Asymmetry in mate value between partners
• Changes in personal circumstances (e.g., increase in status)
• Dissatisfaction with current relationship

While socially and emotionally costly, these behaviors persist because they sometimes provided reproductive benefits to our ancestors.

9. Mating psychology changes across the lifespan

Women marry believing that their husbands will change. Men marry believing that their wives will not change. They are both wrong.

Mating strategies and preferences evolve with age due to changes in reproductive value and circumstances. Key changes include:

For women:

• Declining fertility increases urgency to secure a mate
• Post-menopausal shift from mating to grandparental investment

For men:

• Increasing resources can improve mate value over time
• Continued fertility allows for different strategies at different life stages

These changes explain phenomena such as:

• The "midlife crisis" in men (seeking younger partners)
• Increased acceptance of age gaps in older couples
• Changes in sexual desire and behavior over the lifespan

Understanding these shifts can help individuals and couples adapt to the changing dynamics of long-term relationships.

10. Cultural factors influence but don't negate evolved preferences

Our mating minds—the glory of romance, the flush of passion, the triumph of love—are fortunate products of this evolutionary process.

Culture interacts with evolved preferences to shape mating behavior. Cultural factors that influence mating include:

• Marriage systems (monogamy, polygamy)
• Gender roles and expectations
• Economic systems
• Religious beliefs

However, underlying evolutionary preferences persist across cultures, as evidenced by:

• Universal mate preferences (e.g., kindness, intelligence)
• Cross-cultural patterns in jealousy
• Similarities in courtship behaviors

Understanding this interaction between culture and evolution can help explain both the universality and diversity of human mating patterns. It also highlights the flexibility of human behavior in response to different environmental and social conditions.

Human Mating Implications:

1. Self-awareness of our evolved preferences can lead to more informed relationship choices
2. Recognizing potential sources of conflict can improve communication in relationships
3. Understanding the adaptive basis of harmful behaviors (e.g., jealousy-induced violence) can inform prevention strategies
4. Acknowledging the diversity of mating strategies can reduce stigma around non-traditional relationships
5. Evolutionary insights can inform policy decisions related to marriage, divorce, and family law

Human mating is a complex interplay of biology, psychology, and culture. By understanding our evolutionary heritage, we can navigate the challenges of modern relationships with greater insight and empathy.

Last updated: October 5, 2024